Table 1.
Summary of orangutan pantomime cases. Fn (Function): I, imperative; D, declarative; L, lie. Failed (failed communication): Y, yes; P, partial; blank, no. Elab (elaborate): Y, yes, blank, no. Messages, responses: gesturing sketch (pantomimes italicized); new line—new message/response. Similar cases: 1, [1]; 2, [10]; 3, [12]; 4, [8,9]; 5, [17]; 6, [11]; 7, [18]; 8, [19].
| case no. | Fn | failed | elab | initial message | responses | subsequent messages | similar cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | P | N | stick scratch body, offer stick | brief stick scratch | stick scratch body (persist) | 1 |
| 2 | I | Y | Y | stick scratch body, offer stick | sand on head | stick scratch body (repeat) | 1 |
| ignore | make and offer bigger scratcher | ||||||
| ignore | make twig scratcher, scratch partner's head, offer scratcher | ||||||
| 3 | I | Y | Y | offer young stem | ignore | open stem, offer opened stem | |
| 4 | I | Y | Y | offer fruit | fingernail open fruit | offer fruit | |
| ignore | fingernail open fruit, offer fruit | ||||||
| 5 | I | leaf wipe face | leaf wipe face | ||||
| 6 | I | Y | offer sand | sand put on head | put sand in partner's hand, put partner's hand/sand on head | ||
| 7 | I | Y | Y | offer termite nest | change subject | bite fruit, offer | |
| ignore | offer ginger | ||||||
| ignore | open ginger, offer | ||||||
| ignore | offer partner termite chunk | ||||||
| bang termite bits | bang partner's chunk, offer bits | ||||||
| 8 | I L | Y | Y | stare at termite nest | ignore | stick open nest—feign fail | 2 |
| 9 | I | Y | Y | offer leaf | leaf wipe dirty head | offer leaf | |
| ignore | leaf wipe dirty head | ||||||
| 10 | I | groom (briefly) | groom | 3 | |||
| 11 | I | Y | Y | reach/look at umbrella | ignore | make leaf umbrella, attempt trade | 1,4 |
| 12 | D | Y | Y | show injured foot | ignore watch | pick leaf, get partner attention, re-enact leaf treat cut foot | |
| 13 | I L | enact hair cut role | cut hair | 2 | |||
| 14 | I L | Y | give coconut | hold coconut | stick probe coconut—feign fail, wait, give coconut | 2,8 | |
| hold coconut machete chop coconut | stick chop coconut | ||||||
| 15 | I L | Y | friendly approach | fearful withdraw allow approach | approach, ignore, eat—feign no interest | 2,5,8 | |
| 16 | I L | Y | friendly approach | fearful withdraw allow approach | approach, eat—feign no interest | 5,8 | |
| 17 | I L | Y | friendly approach, eat—feign no interest | allow approach | 5,6,8 | ||
| 18 | I L | Y | fingers in backpack | rebuff manipulate ants | manipulate ants on backpack—feign interest | 7 |