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Representative recordings of the pigeon supracoracoideus (wing elevation) fascicle strain, EMG and force, and pectoralis (wing depression) fascicle strain, EMG and force recorded during take-off from an elevated perch platform and level free flight at approximately 4.5 m s−1 (seven wingbeats are shown). Grey panels represent the downstroke for the initial four wingbeat cycles, with the upstroke on a white background (adapted from Tobalske & Biewener [30]).
