Figure 6.
(a) Changes in wing stroke plane (SPAloc) and body pitch angle (in global space) of a pigeon during successive wingbeats of take-off, mid-level flight and landing (adapted from Berg & Biewener [56]). The strong correlation of wing stroke plane angle versus body angle is shown to the right. Filled triangles, body angles; filled squares, SPAloc. (b) Representative in vivo recordings of muscle strain and activation (EMG) of extrinsic and intrinsic wing muscles of a pigeon during take-off, level (approx. 4.5 m s−1) and landing flight corresponding to a similar sequence shown in (a) above (adapted from Berg [57]).