Phenotype of β-Catenin cKO palates. (A–J) SEM on β-Catenin cKO and control palates. The distance between two PSs was indicated by double-headed arrows. (K, L) DAPI staining showing lack of placode formation in β-Catenin cKOs. (M, N) CD44 staining showing no mesenchymal condensation in β-Catenin cKO palates. (O, P) H&E staining showing developed rugae in control and lack of rugae in β-Catenin cKO at E17.5. (Q, R) H&E staining showing that the primary palate (arrow in Q) meets with the secondary palate in the e15.5 control embryos, whereas in the mutant, the primary palate was underdeveloped and did not meet with the secondary palate (asterisk in R). Scale bars in A–J: 1mm; in K–N: 30μm; in O–R: 0.25mm.