Table 2.
Possible medications for apathy.
| Category | Class | Main background disease | Representative drug name | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antidepressants | SSRIs* SNRIs** NaSSAs*** DNRIs**** Tetracyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants |
Depression | Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine Sertraline Milnacipran Mirtazapine Bupropion Maprotiline Amoxapine Nortriptyline |
|
|
| ||||
| Dopamine stimulants | Dopamine agonists | Parkinson's disease, depression (?) | Bromocriptine Pramipexrole Ropinirole Amantadine |
|
| MAO-B inhibitor | Selegiline | |||
|
| ||||
| Antipsychotic agents | Atypical antipsychotic agents | Negative symptoms (apathy-like symptoms) of schizophrenia | Clozapine, Risperidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Ziprasidone |
|
|
| ||||
| Psychostimulants | Dopaminergic agents | Primary apathy or apathy syndrome | Methylphenidate Pemoline Amphetamine Modafinil |
|
|
| ||||
| Antidementia agents | Cholinesterase inhibitors | Alzheimer's disease | Donepezil Galantamine Rivastigmine Metrifonate Tacrine |
|
| Pyrrolidone-type nootropic agent | Stroke, Alzheimer's disease | Nefiracetam | ||
|
| ||||
| Cerebral circulation and metabolism stimulants | Ergot alkaloid | Stroke | Nicergoline | |
| Antiplatelet drugs | Phosphodiesterase inhibitor | Cilostazol | ||
*Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: there have been a few reports that SSRIs are not effective for apathy. **Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. ***Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants. ****Noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitors.