Figure 1.

Carabus violaceus populations studied and proportion of specimens with different elytron sculptures (pie charts). White sections indicate the frequencies of smooth elytra, black sections indicate the frequencies of more than three striae per elytron, and grey sections indicate the frequencies of intermediate phenotypes, i.e. class „1“. Numbers next to the pie charts indicate population number followed by sample size in brackets. The location of the study area is indicated as a white square on the map of Germany. Woodlands in the study region northwest of the town of Bramsche according to TK 50 3512 Bramsche (Landesvermessungsamt Niedersachsen 1998) are presented as striped patches. Size and position of ancient woodlands (black patches) are taken from the map by LeCoq (1805). In this study, these are called “Börsteler Wald” (in the north) and “Gehn” (in the south). White patches within woodlands indicate openings. Hedges are not shown.