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. 2011 Jul;24(3):592–630. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00063-10

Table 1.

Regulation of cytokine gene expression in the course of viral and protozoan chronic infections

T cell response Cytokine Regulation of expressione
Trypanosoma cruzia
 Leishmania sp.b
 Toxoplasma gondiic
 Coxsackievirus B3d
Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Chronic
Th1 IFN-γ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ → ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
TNF-α ↑ ↑ → ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ → ↑ ↓ → ↑ ↑ →
IL-2 → ↓ → ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑
IL-12 ↑ ↓ → ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑→ ↑ ↓ → ↑ ↓ → ↑ ↑
Th2 IL-4 ↑ ↓ ↑ → ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑
IL-5 ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑
IL-6 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ → ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
IL-10 ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ → ↑ ↓ → ↑ → ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑
IL-13 ↑ ↑ → ↑ ↑ NF NF ↑ NF
Th17 IL-17 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ NF ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
Treg TGF-β ↑ ↑ ↑ → ↑ → ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
a

See references 22, 25, 26, 84, 90, 121, 161, 286, 341, 374, and 460.

b

See references 20, 21, 62, 70, 74, 144, 160, 245, 315, 361, and 435.

c

See references 28, 31, 54, 169, 235, 249, 271, 280, 285, 289, 290, 308, 351, 359, 385, and 451.

d

See references 129, 130, 131, 154, 180, 221, 234, 238, 246, 310, 336, 352, and 356.

e

↑, superexpression; ↓, underexpression; →, no alteration; NF, not found. Multiple arrows mean that different results were reported in the literature.