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Host pattern recognition receptors involved in sensing S. pneumoniae. TLR2 is activated by pneumococcal cell wall peptidoglycan and LTA. Nod2 is activated by cell wall peptidoglycans and TLR4, which in turn is activated by Ply. TLR2 and -4 activate the transcription factor NF-κB via MyD88 and IRAK-4. Nod2 also activates NF-κB, inducing transcription of several proinflammatory cytokines.
