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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Phon. 2010 Oct;38(4):640–653. doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2010.09.005

Table 9.

Monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ productions of English word-medial oral stop-voicing distinctions. Asterisk indicates significance.

Effect F(1,14) p
Lingualism 0.3 .593
Voicing 172.5* <.001
Lingualism × Voicing 2.1 .169
Place 4.2 .060
Lingualism × Place 4.7* .048
Stress 10.6* .006
Lingualism × Stress 0.0 –
Voicing × Place 3.3 .091
Lingualism × Voicing × Place 15.9* .001
Voicing × Stress 0.2 .662
Lingualism × Voicing × Stress 0.0 –
Place × Stress 0.7 .417
Lingualism × Place × Stress 0.0 –
Voicing × Place × Stress 2.3 .152
Lingualism × Voicing × Place × Stress 2.3 .152