Table 1.

Effects of eugenol and nanoemulsion (NE) on the permeability of colchicine across the intestinal jejunal membranes

Excipient	Papp(×10−6cm/s)		Absorption enhancement ratio: R	Efflux ratio
	M to S	S to M
Control	1.34±0.28	4.81±0.26	1	3.59
2% eugenol	3.13±0.15*	3.07±0.12**	2.33	0.98
Nanoemulsion	2.12±0.32*	3.43±0.47*	1.58	1.62
Eugenol–NE	3.70±0.37**	2.86±0.19**	2.76	0.77

Notes: Each value represents the mean ± SD of at least three experiments;

^*P < 0.05;

^**P < 0.01, compared with control.