Fig. 2.

Ulk1/2 are not required for autophagy in response to bioenergetic stress. WT, Ulk1/2 DKO (1/2^−/−), and Atg5 KO (5^−/−) MEFs expressing GFP-LC3 were cultured in complete medium and then were subjected to glucose starvation (−Glc) or treatment with 10 mM 2DG, 1 mM phenformin, or 2 mM AICAR for 24 h. GFP-LC3 processing was determined by immunoblotting to monitor autophagy. Immunoblotting for phopho-p70 S6 kinase (pS6K), p70 S6 kinase (S6K), phospho-AMPK (pAMPK), total AMPK, phospho-ACC (pACC), total ACC, and tubulin was performed also. Asterisk indicates nonspecific bands.