Table 1.
A Summary of Studies Evaluating Biochemical Alterations Related to Oxidative Stress in Patients with Schizophrenia
| Biomarker | Decreased Level | Increased Level |
|---|---|---|
| Antioxidants | ||
| SOD | Akyol et al. 2002, Ben Othmen et al. 2008, Dietrich-Muszalska et al. 2005, Li et al. 2006, Mukerjee et al. 1996, Pavlovic et al. 2002, Ranjekar et al. 2003, Zhang et al. 2006, Zhang et al. 2007 | Abdala et al. 1986, Aluntas et al. 2000, Dakhale et al. 2004, Kuloglu et al. 2002, Michel et al. 2004, Rukmini et al. 2004, Surapaneni 2007 |
| GpX | Abdala et al. 1986, * Akyol et al. 2002, Aluntas et al. 2000, Ben Othmen et al. 2008, Li et al. 2006, * Mukerjee et al. 1996, Zhang et al. 2006, Zhang et al. 2007. | Kuloglu et al. 2002, Surapaneni 2007 |
| CAT | Ben Othmen et al. 2008, Li et al. 2006, * Mukerjee et al. 1996, * Pavlovic et al. 2002, Ranjekar et al. 2003, Surapaneni 2007, Zhang et al. 2006, Zhang etal | Rukmini et al. 2004 |
| GSH | Aluntas et al. 2000, Dadheech et al. 2006, Pavlovic et al. 2002, Surapaneni 2007, Yao et al. 2006, Dietrich-Muszalska et al. 2009 | |
| GR | Yao et al.2006 | |
| Uric acid | Yao et al.1998 | |
| Vitamin E | Dadheech et al. 2006, Surapaneni 2007 | |
| Vitamin C | Dadheech et al. 2006, Surapaneni 2007 | |
| Total antioxidant status (TAS) | *Pazvantoglu et al. 2009, Ustundag et al. 2006, Virit et al. 2009 | |
| Total oxidant status (TOS) | * Pazvantoglu et al.2009, *Virit et al. 2009 | |
| TBARS (MDA) | Akyol etal. 2002, Aluntas et al. 2000, Ben Othmen et al. 2008, Dadheech et al. 2006, Dakhale et al. 2004, Dietrich-Muszalska et al. 2005, Khan et al. 2002, Kropp et al. 2008, Kuloglu et al.2002, Pavlovic et al. 2002, Ranjekar et al. 2003, Rukmini et al. 2004, Zhang et al. 2006, Zhang et al. 2007 |
|
| PUFAs | Ranjekar et al. 2003, Khan et al. 2002 | |
| Lipide peroxide | Li et al. 2006 | |
| 3-Nitrotyrosine | Dietrich-Muszalska et al. 2009, Dietrich-Muszalska and Olas 2009c. | |
| Carbonyl groups | Dietrich-Muszalskaet al. 2009 | |
| 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine | Nishioka and Arnold 2004 | |
| Reactive species production | ||
| Xantine oxidase | Akyol et al. 2002 | |
| Homocysteine | Akanji et al. 2007, Dietrich-Muszalska et al. 2009 | |
| Superoxide radical release | Sirota et al. 2003 | |
| NO | Akyol et al. 2002, Li et al. 2006, Yilmaz et al. 2007, Yanik et al. 2003 | |
(CAT – catalase, GpX - Glutathione peroxidase, GR - glutathione reductase, GSH – glutathione, MDA – malondialdehyde, NO – nitric oxide, PUFAs - polyunsaturated fatty acids, SOD - Superoxide dismutase, TBARS - thiobarbituric acid related substances)
*
No change in biomarker level