Table 3.

Features of Asynchronization

	Concepts	Details
Essence	Disturbance of various aspects of biological rhythms (e.g., cycle, amplitude, phase, and interrelationship) that indicate circadian oscillation
Presumable causes	Light exposure during the night
	Lack of light exposure in the morning
	Decreased physical activity
	Disturbance of biological clock and/or serotonergic/ melatonergic systems
Symptoms	Disturbances related to the autonomic nervous system	Sleepiness, insomnia, disturbance of hormonal secretion, gastrointestinal problems, sympathetic nervous system predominance
	Somatic disturbances	Tiredness, fatigue, neck and/or back stiffness, headache, persistent yawn, desire for sleep, wish to lie down, inactivity, lumbago
	Disturbances related to higher brain function	Disorientation, loss of sociality, loss of will or motivation, impaired alertness and performance, difficulty with memory or concentration
	Neurological disturbances	Attention deficit, aggression, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, irritation, hypersensitive
	Psychiatric disturbances	Symptoms observed in depressive disorders, personality disorders, and anxiety disorders
Therapeutic approaches	Morning light exposure
	Avoidance of nocturnal light exposure
	Conventional approaches	Light therapy, medications (hypnotics, antidepressants, melatonin, etc.), physical activation, chronotherapy
	Alternative approaches	Traditional Chinese medicine, qigong, tanden breathing, acupuncture
Prognosis	Early phase (functional?)	Can be easy to resolve
	Chronic phase	Difficult to resolve