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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011 Mar 27;17(7):962–969. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.01.018

Fig. 5. The role of CD28 and ICOS on GVHD induced exclusively by CD4+ cells or primarily driven by CD4+ and facilitated by CD8+ T cells.

Fig. 5

CD28 and ICOS signaling positively regulated T-cell responses to alloantigens and supported GVHD development in an additive or synergistic manner, whereas CTLA4 was a negative regulator (A). Blockade of B7 (both CTLA4 and CD28) results in hyper-activation of allogeneic T cell response (B); Blockade of CD28 or ICOS results in suppression (C and D); Blockade of both CD28 and ICOS while sparing CTLA4 leads to T cell tolerance (E).