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The hazard of death by age 5 y in relation to the survival status of the child's grandparents (dead is the reference category; n = 2,933 person-y and n = 161 deaths). A hazard ratio greater than 1.0 means an increased risk of death if the grandparent is alive (rather than dead). Error bars are 95% confidence limits. Table 1 shows the other variables that were controlled. The hazard of death was twofold greater if the father's mother was alive.
