FIG. 2.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response of five diabetes subjects administered insulin: subject 1 (solid triangle; 43 years old, administered 6 units), subject 2 (open square; 38 years old, administered 10 units), subject 3 (open diamond; 11 years old, administered 15 units of lispro insulin), subject 4 (solid square; 19 years old, administered 15 units), and subject 5 (solid circle; 18 years old, administered 10 units). Plasma free insulin levels are shown for (A) subcutaneous catheter-based and (B) intradermal microneedle-based insulin infusion for the five study subjects over a 2.5-h interval after insulin administration. Change (Δ) in plasma glucose levels after (C) cutaneous catheter-based and (D) intradermal microneedle-based insulin infusion is also shown for the five subjects. Although the study was carried out over a 3.5-h interval, the data were analyzed up to 2.5 h because some trials had to be stopped at this time point because of hypoglycemia.