TABLE 3.
Postdiagnostic meat and egg consumption and relative risk of prostate cancer progression among 1294 men with prostate cancer in the Diet and Lifestyle substudy of CaPSURE (Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor): 2004–20081
| Quartile of intake |
|||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P for trend2 | |
| Median processed red meat intake | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 0.18 |
| No. of events/no. of participants | 29/310 | 32/372 | 21/275 | 45/337 | |
| Total person-years | 603 | 765 | 565 | 677 | |
| Model 13 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.01 (0.61, 1.68)4 | 0.88 (0.50, 1.56) | 1.48 (0.91, 2.43) | |
| Model 256 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.54) | 0.89 (0.50, 1.61) | 1.30 (0.78, 2.17) | |
| Median unprocessed red meat intake | 0.9 | 2.5 | 4.5 | 7.0 | 0.65 |
| No. of events/no. of participants | 30/324 | 38/371 | 26/296 | 33/303 | |
| Total person-years | 618 | 746 | 612 | 634 | |
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.12 (0.69, 1.81) | 0.89 (0.52, 1.53) | 1.02 (0.60, 1.76) | |
| Model 2 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.09 (0.67, 1.77) | 0.80 (0.44, 1.43) | 0.95 (0.55, 1.66) | |
| Median fish intake | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 0.46 |
| No. of events/no. of participants | 36/348 | 21/275 | 34/324 | 36/347 | |
| Total person-years | 750 | 551 | 654 | 655 | |
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.80 (0.47, 1.38) | 1.17 (0.73, 1.88) | 1.23 (0.77, 1.97) | |
| Model 2 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.78 (0.45, 1.37) | 1.07 (0.65, 1.73) | 1.13 (0.70, 1.84) | |
| Median poultry intake | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 0.17 |
| No. of events/no. of participants | 33/380 | 24/224 | 35/344 | 35/346 | |
| Total person-years | 782 | 474 | 694 | 660 | |
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.36 (0.79, 2.31) | 1.29 (0.80, 2.10) | 1.42 (0.85, 2.37) | |
| Model 2 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.51 (0.87, 2.61) | 1.29 (0.78, 2.13) | 1.55 (0.91, 2.66) | |
| Median egg intake | 0.4 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 0.05 |
| No. of events/no. of participants | 24/319 | 27/267 | 51/532 | 25/176 | |
| Total person-years | 631 | 548 | 1084 | 347 | |
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.30 (0.75, 2.26) | 1.21 (0.74, 1.97) | 2.07 (1.16, 3.70) | |
| Model 2 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.17 (0.66, 2.07) | 1.06 (0.63, 1.77) | 2.02 (1.10, 3.72) | |
Median intakes are reported as servings/wk. One processed red meat serving = 1 hot dog, 2 slices of bacon, or 1 slice of processed meats (sausage, salami, bologna, etc). One unprocessed red meat serving = 85–142 g (3–5 oz) of liver; 1 hamburger patty; beef, pork, or lamb as a sandwich or mixed dish; or 113–170 g (4–6 oz) beef, pork, or lamb as a main dish. One fish serving = 85–113 g (3–4 oz) of canned tuna fish, dark meat fish, other fish, or shrimp, lobster, or scallops as a main dish. One poultry serving = 113–170 g (4–6 oz) of chicken or turkey with or without skin. One egg serving = one whole egg. ref, reference.
Calculated from a Wald test of the regression coefficient of an ordinal variable by using the median of each quartile in a multivariate model adjusted for age at diagnosis, energy intake, time from diagnosis to questionnaire, Gleason sum at diagnosis, prostate-specific antigen at diagnosis, primary treatment, BMI, and nonvigorous activity.
Model 1 was adjusted for age at diagnosis (<60, 60–69.9, 70–79.9, and ≥80 y), energy intake (kcal/d), and time from diagnosis to questionnaire.
Hazard ratio; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).
Model 2 was adjusted for age at diagnosis (<60, 60–69.9, 70–79.9, and ≥80 y), energy intake (kcal/d), time from diagnosis to questionnaire, primary treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or other), BMI (in kg/m2; <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29.9, and ≥30), nonvigorous activity (metabolic equivalent hours/wk), Gleason sum at diagnosis (2–10), and prostate-specific antigen at diagnosis (0–10.0, 10.1–20.0, and >20.0 ng/mL). Fifty-five (4.3%) participants were missing data on covariates and were not included in the model.
Additional adjustment for other food groups, clinical T stage at diagnosis, smoking, race, education, income, marital status, vigorous physical activity, and frequency of intakes of fried food, tomato products, and cruciferous vegetables did not materially change the effect estimates.