Table 1.
Main characteristics of controlled studies with hypnosis/guided imagery in fibromyalgia syndrome
| Author Country Year Setting Referral [Reference] | Mean age (years) Women % | Exclusion criteria | Diagnosis of FMS | Total study population Screened/randomized N (%) Total/Completing therapy N(%) | Treatment group Total/Completing therapy N(%) | Control group Total/Completing therapy N (%) | Outcomes used for metaanalysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alvarez 2007 Mexico University Hospital Rheumatology clinics [23] |
44 yrs 100% women 100% Mexican mez-stizos |
No other significant painful or chronic comorbidities | ACR | 50/43 (86) 43/11 (26) |
20/7 * (35) |
23/4* (17) |
Pain VAS 0-100 * Fatigue NA Sleep NA Depressed mood NA HRQOL: FIQ total * No follow- up |
| Castel 2009 Spain University Hospital Pain clinic [24] |
44 yrs 95% women 100% white |
Other severe chronic pain condition; severe psychopathology; moderate cognitive impairment;pending litigation | ACR 18-60 years At least 6 years education |
NR/47 35/32 (91) |
17/16 (94) |
18/16 (89) | Pain NRS 0-10 Fatigue NA Sleep NA Depressed mood NA HRQOL FIQ total No follow-up |
| Grøndhal 2008 Norway General practice General practices [25] |
23-54 yrs 75% women 100% white |
Organic diseases Severe psychiatric disorder |
Clinical diagnosis of chronic widespread pain | 18/16 (89) 16/12 (75) |
8/7 (88) |
8/5 (63) | Pain NRS 1-7* (a) Fatigue NRS 1-7 * (a) Sleep NA Depressed mood NRS 1-7 * (a) HRQOL NA 1 year without control |
| Haanen 1991 Netherlands Rheumatology department regional hospital NR [26] |
45 yrs 95% women NR |
Organic diseases | Smythe Normal blood test |
NP 40/37 (93) |
20/17 (85) |
20/20 (100) | Pain VAS 0-10 ** Sleep VAS 0-10 ** Fatigue VAS 0-10 *** Depressed mood NA HRQOL NA 12 weeks |
| Menziers 2006 USA University hospital Physicians and clinics [27] |
50 yrs 98% women 90% white |
Inflammatory rheumatic disease Major communicative disorder |
Clinical diagnosis Age > 18 FIQ-Total > 20 MMSE score > 25 |
NP 48/NP |
24/NR | 24/NR | Pain VAS 0-10 Fatigue: NA Sleep NA Depressed mood NA HRQOL FIQ total 4 weeks |
| Rucco 1995 Italy Regional hospital [28] |
38 yrs 100% women NR |
Analgesic medication Major psychiatric disorder |
ACR criteria Normal blood tests |
NP 53/35 (66) |
26/24 (92) |
27/11 (41) |
Pain VAS 0-10 Fatigue NA Sleep VAS 0-10 Depressed mood NA HRQOL NA No follow up |
Abbreviations: * Data provided on request; (a) adjusted for baseline values; ** Median used for analysis; Standard deviation not reported; calculated from mean of other trials; *** Median not entered into meta-analysis; no calculation of standard deviation from other trials possible
FIQ = Fibromyalgia Impact questionnaire; HRQOL = Health-related quality of life; NA = Not assessed; NP = Not provided on request; NRS = Numeric Rating Scale; VAS = Visual Analogue Scale;