Table 5.
Food security score (coefficient) | Height-for-age z score (coefficient) | Weight-for-age z score (coefficient) | Stunting (coefficient) | Underweight (coefficient) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Fixed effects | |||||
Orphan status (ref = non-orphan) | |||||
Orphans | −1.39*** | 0.11 | 0.10 | −0.07 | −0.05 |
Sex of child (ref = male) | |||||
Female | 0.55* | 0.30*** | 0.28*** | −0.70*** | −0.34* |
Child age (in years, continuous) | 0.02 | −0.17*** | −0.08*** | 0.31*** | 0.19*** |
Household head relationship (ref = parent) | |||||
Other relative | 1.7*** | 0.00 | −0.08 | 0.29 | 0.15 |
Nonrelative | 1.01 | −0.13 | 0.04 | 0.47 | −0.03 |
Ethnicity (ref = Kikuyu) | |||||
Luhya | −1.90*** | 0.11 | 0.26*** | −0.34 | −0.64* |
Luo | −2.55*** | 0.36*** | 0.34*** | −0.98*** | −0.91*** |
Other | −0.45 | 0.08 | −0.13* | −0.19 | 0.33 |
Household head sex (ref = male) | |||||
Female | −2.36*** | 0.02 | 0.11* | −0.19 | −0.08 |
Household head age (ref = 35–49 years) | |||||
Less than 35 years | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.14 | −0.31 |
50+ years | −0.79 | 0.27** | 0.09 | −0.35 | −0.21 |
Household head education (ref = none) | |||||
Primary | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | −0.36 |
Secondary and above | 0.54 | 0.00 | 0.06 | −0.07 | −0.80** |
Number of children <15 years in household (continuous) | −0.64*** | −0.01 | −0.03** | 0.07 | 0.04 |
Household wealth (ref = low) | |||||
Middle | 1.58*** | −0.06 | −0.06 | 0.21 | 0.26 |
Least poor | 2.08*** | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.03 |
Food security score | – | 0.00 | −0.00 | −0.01 | −0.01 |
Area of residence (ref = Korogocho) | |||||
Viwandani | 1.28** | −0.16 | 0.02 | 0.60** | 0.12 |
2. Random effects | |||||
Household level variance (95% CI) | 5.94 (5.62–6.28) | 0.50 (0.32–0.80) | 0.40 (0.30–0.54) | 0.35 (0.15–0.62) | 0.05 (0.00–0.99) |
Significant difference by orphan status: *p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01