Table 5.

Multivariate analysis of nutritional status and food security of orphans and non-orphans (n = 1,167), Nairobi informal settlements, Kenya, 2007

	Food security score (coefficient)	Height-for-age z score (coefficient)	Weight-for-age z score (coefficient)	Stunting (coefficient)	Underweight (coefficient)
1. Fixed effects
Orphan status (ref = non-orphan)
Orphans	−1.39***	0.11	0.10	−0.07	−0.05
Sex of child (ref = male)
Female	0.55*	0.30***	0.28***	−0.70***	−0.34*
Child age (in years, continuous)	0.02	−0.17***	−0.08***	0.31***	0.19***
Household head relationship (ref = parent)
Other relative	1.7***	0.00	−0.08	0.29	0.15
Nonrelative	1.01	−0.13	0.04	0.47	−0.03
Ethnicity (ref = Kikuyu)
Luhya	−1.90***	0.11	0.26***	−0.34	−0.64*
Luo	−2.55***	0.36***	0.34***	−0.98***	−0.91***
Other	−0.45	0.08	−0.13*	−0.19	0.33
Household head sex (ref = male)
Female	−2.36***	0.02	0.11*	−0.19	−0.08
Household head age (ref = 35–49 years)
Less than 35 years	0.27	0.10	0.03	0.14	−0.31
50+ years	−0.79	0.27**	0.09	−0.35	−0.21
Household head education (ref = none)
Primary	0.13	0.02	0.05	0.01	−0.36
Secondary and above	0.54	0.00	0.06	−0.07	−0.80**
Number of children <15 years in household (continuous)	−0.64***	−0.01	−0.03**	0.07	0.04
Household wealth (ref = low)
Middle	1.58***	−0.06	−0.06	0.21	0.26
Least poor	2.08***	0.12	0.09	0.04	−0.03
Food security score	–	0.00	−0.00	−0.01	−0.01
Area of residence (ref = Korogocho)
Viwandani	1.28**	−0.16	0.02	0.60**	0.12
2. Random effects
Household level variance (95% CI)	5.94 (5.62–6.28)	0.50 (0.32–0.80)	0.40 (0.30–0.54)	0.35 (0.15–0.62)	0.05 (0.00–0.99)

Significant difference by orphan status: *p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01