Table 6.
Food security score (coefficient) | Height-for-age z score (coefficient) | Weight-for-age z score (coefficient) | Stunting (coefficient) | Underweight (coefficient) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Fixed effects | |||||
Orphan type (ref = paternal) | |||||
Maternal | 1.62* | −0.09 | −0.23* | −0.20 | −0.72 |
Double | 0.07 | 0.41* | 0.16 | −0.46 | −0.70 |
Sex of child (ref = male) | |||||
Female | 0.89** | 0.32** | 0.38*** | −0.77** | −0.37 |
Child age (in years, continuous) | −0.09 | −0.16*** | −0.07*** | 0.40*** | 0.20** |
Household head relationship (ref = parent) | |||||
Other relative | 2.11** | −0.09 | −0.14 | 0.52 | 0.69 |
Nonrelative | 0.50 | −0.23 | 0.06 | 1.17* | 0.56 |
Ethnicity (ref = Kikuyu) | |||||
Luhya | −2.97** | −0.21 | 0.19 | −0.46 | −1.07 |
Luo | −2.33** | 0.46*** | 0.30*** | −1.48*** | −1.06** |
Other | −1.28 | −0.01 | −0.17 | 0.45 | 0.66 |
Household head age (ref = 35–49 years) | |||||
Less than 35 years | 0.29 | −0.14 | −0.13 | 0.70 | −0.15 |
50+ years | −1.82 | 0.14 | 0.01 | −0.32 | −0.03 |
Household head education (ref = none) | |||||
Primary | 0.40 | −0.20 | −0.12 | 0.41 | −0.05 |
Secondary and above | −0.15 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.43 | −0.93 |
Number of children <15 years in household (continuous) | −0.82*** | −0.01 | −0.04* | 0.12 | 0.07 |
Household wealth (ref = low) | |||||
Middle | 2.37*** | −0.14 | −0.10 | 0.92* | 0.34 |
Least poor | 3.32*** | −0.05 | −0.03 | 0.22 | 0.18 |
Food security score | – | 0.00 | −0.00 | −0.02 | −0.02 |
Area of residence (ref = Korogocho) | |||||
Viwandani | 1.23 | −0.07 | −0.01 | 0.90* | 0.21 |
2. Random effects | |||||
Household level variance (95% CI) | 6.48 (5.93–7.08) | 0.60 (0.38–0.95) | 0.49 (0.35–0.67) | 0.50 (0.23–0.77) | 0.04 (0.00–0.10) |
Significant difference by orphan type: *p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01