Table 6.

Multivariate analysis of nutritional status and food security of orphans only (n = 438), Nairobi informal settlements, Kenya, 2007

	Food security score (coefficient)	Height-for-age z score (coefficient)	Weight-for-age z score (coefficient)	Stunting (coefficient)	Underweight (coefficient)
1. Fixed effects
Orphan type (ref = paternal)
Maternal	1.62*	−0.09	−0.23*	−0.20	−0.72
Double	0.07	0.41*	0.16	−0.46	−0.70
Sex of child (ref = male)
Female	0.89**	0.32**	0.38***	−0.77**	−0.37
Child age (in years, continuous)	−0.09	−0.16***	−0.07***	0.40***	0.20**
Household head relationship (ref = parent)
Other relative	2.11**	−0.09	−0.14	0.52	0.69
Nonrelative	0.50	−0.23	0.06	1.17*	0.56
Ethnicity (ref = Kikuyu)
Luhya	−2.97**	−0.21	0.19	−0.46	−1.07
Luo	−2.33**	0.46***	0.30***	−1.48***	−1.06**
Other	−1.28	−0.01	−0.17	0.45	0.66
Household head age (ref = 35–49 years)
Less than 35 years	0.29	−0.14	−0.13	0.70	−0.15
50+ years	−1.82	0.14	0.01	−0.32	−0.03
Household head education (ref = none)
Primary	0.40	−0.20	−0.12	0.41	−0.05
Secondary and above	−0.15	−0.07	−0.07	−0.43	−0.93
Number of children <15 years in household (continuous)	−0.82***	−0.01	−0.04*	0.12	0.07
Household wealth (ref = low)
Middle	2.37***	−0.14	−0.10	0.92*	0.34
Least poor	3.32***	−0.05	−0.03	0.22	0.18
Food security score	–	0.00	−0.00	−0.02	−0.02
Area of residence (ref = Korogocho)
Viwandani	1.23	−0.07	−0.01	0.90*	0.21
2. Random effects
Household level variance (95% CI)	6.48 (5.93–7.08)	0.60 (0.38–0.95)	0.49 (0.35–0.67)	0.50 (0.23–0.77)	0.04 (0.00–0.10)

Significant difference by orphan type: *p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01