Table 1.
Characteristics of the study samples.
| Non-diabetic
|
Non-diabetic
|
Type-2 diabetic
|
Type-2 diabetic
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n=457) | Women (n=403) | Men (n=819) | Women (n=480) | ||
| Age, years | 46 (40–51) | 50 (44–57) | 60 (54–68) | 57 (52–64) | |
| Race: | White, % | 95 | 95 | 69.0 | 51.7 |
| Black, % | 2 | 3.5 | 25.1 | 44.1 | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 199 (184–224) | 211 (183–234) | 171 (148–196) | 180 (158–206) | |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | 42 (36–49) | 58 (47–68) | 42 (36–50) | 53 (45–64) | |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 126 (91–177) | 112 (80–147) | 124 (87–188) | 106 (77–150) | |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | 127 (103.7–149.9) | 125.7 (103–146.6) | 96 (78–117) | 99 (81–120) | |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 95 (88–103) | 91 (86–98) | 120 (101–146) | 112 (93–140) | |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | N/A | N/A | 6.7(6.2–7.7) | 6.8 (6.2–7.8) | |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | |||||
| Systolic | 127 (119.5–136.5) | 123.5 (113–134.5) | 131 (122–141.5) | 130 (120.5–143) | |
| Diastolic | 79 (74.5–84.5) | 75 (68–82) | 77 (72–82.5) | 74 (70–80) | |
| Metabolic syndrome, % | 34.4 | 24.9 | 73.7 | 80.1 | |
| Body Mass Index | 27.5 (25.2–30.3) | 25.6 (22.8–30.2) | 31.2 (28.1–34.6) | 33.8 (29.4–38.4) | |
| Waist circumference, in | 37.5 (35–41) | 32 (29–36) | 42 (39–46) | 41 (37–46) | |
| Current tobacco use, % | 12.1 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 10.1 | |
| Framingham risk score | 7 (4–8) | 4 (2–6) | 13 (8–20) | 10 (7–13) | |
| Hs-CRP, mg/dl | 1.1 (0.5–2.1) | 1.4 (0.6–3.7) | 1.4 (0.7–2.9) | 2.8 (1.4–6.6) | |
| Lipoprotein(a), mg/dl | 18.5 (8.4–40.7) | 21 (9.2–46.7) | 17 (7–44.5) | 30 (12–72.5) | |
| Whites | 18 (8–40.1) | 19.8 (9–44.4) | 12 (7–28) | 16 (8–38) | |
| Blacks | 44.8 (27.6–65.3) | 72.5 (44.6–123) | 43.5 (21–78) | 65 (30–94) | |
| HRT use, % | - | 27 | – | 37 | |
| Statin use, % | 17.5 | 10.2 | 58.7 | 52.2 | |
| Niacin use, % | 2.9 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 1 | |
| Fibrate use, % | 2 | 1 | 9.4 | 2 | |
| ACE inhibitor use, % | 6.5 | 5 | 65.7 | 60.3 | |
| Aspirin use, % | 18.2 | 11.2 | 48.4 | 42.1 | |
| Metformin use, % | N/A | N/A | 62.9 | 65.5 | |
| Thiazolidinedione use, % | N/A | N/A | 29.0 | 27.0 | |
| Sulfonylurea use, % | N/A | N/A | 45.5 | 31.7 | |
| Insulin use, % | N/A | N/A | 16.8 | 22.6 | |
| Mean CAC (± SD) | 123.5±329 | 41.1 ± 133.1 | 418.5±751 | 96.1 ± 261.7 | |
| Median CAC | 7 (1–82) | 1 (0–14) | 107.5 (0–467) | 0 (0–57) | |
Data presented as median and inter-quartile range or percentage. HDL=high density lipoprotein. LDL=low density lipoprotein. Hs-CRP=high sensitivity C-reactive protein. HRT=hormone replacement therapy. ACE=Angiotensin converting enzyme. CAC=coronary artery calcium. N/A – not applicable.