Table 1.
Summary statistics of sample characteristics
| US-born citizens | US-naturalized citizens | Non-US citizens | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 12,912 | N = 843 | N = 903 | ||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P a | Mean | SD | P b | |
| Utilizations (%) | ||||||||
| Any prescription drug use | 68.12 | 46.60 | 62.51 | 48.44 | *** | 44.85 | 49.76 | *** |
| Any physician visit | 43.01 | 49.51 | 46.38 | 49.90 | 36.77 | 48.24 | *** | |
| Any prescription drug use or physician visit | 75.95 | 43.33 | 70.34 | 45.70 | ** | 53.27 | 49.92 | *** |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | *** | *** | ||||||
| Caucasians | 75.81 | 42.82 | 23.49 | 42.42 | 12.29 | 32.85 | ||
| Latinos | 8.26 | 27.53 | 62.99 | 48.31 | 79.07 | 40.70 | ||
| African Americans | 11.40 | 31.78 | 3.44 | 18.24 | 2.66 | 16.09 | ||
| Other races | 4.52 | 20.78 | 10.08 | 30.13 | 5.98 | 23.72 | ||
| Age (%) | *** | *** | ||||||
| 18–24 | 9.25 | 28.98 | 2.14 | 14.46 | 6.09 | 23.93 | ||
| 25–34 | 16.72 | 37.32 | 11.27 | 31.64 | 21.82 | 41.32 | ||
| 35–44 | 24.03 | 42.73 | 23.37 | 42.34 | 31.67 | 46.55 | ||
| 45–54 | 29.07 | 45.41 | 35.23 | 47.80 | 26.02 | 43.90 | ||
| 55–64 | 20.93 | 40.68 | 28.00 | 44.92 | 14.40 | 35.12 | ||
| Gender (%) | * | * | ||||||
| Female | 70.35 | 45.67 | 71.29 | 45.27 | 75.53 | 43.02 | ||
| Marital status (%) | *** | *** | ||||||
| Married | 44.93 | 49.74 | 48.99 | 50.02 | 60.02 | 49.01 | ||
| Health status (%) | ||||||||
| Self-reported health | *** | *** | ||||||
| Fair/poor | 34.20 | 47.44 | 44.60 | 49.74 | 41.53 | 49.30 | ||
| Good | 29.75 | 45.72 | 24.91 | 43.28 | 29.57 | 45.66 | ||
| Very good/excellent | 24.27 | 42.87 | 20.17 | 40.15 | 19.05 | 39.29 | ||
| Self-reported mental health | *** | *** | ||||||
| Fair/poor | 30.96 | 46.23 | 33.10 | 47.08 | 29.46 | 45.61 | ||
| Good | 34.15 | 47.42 | 31.67 | 46.55 | 34.66 | 47.62 | ||
| Very good/excellent | 21.41 | 41.02 | 21.12 | 40.84 | 19.27 | 39.46 | ||
| ADL | 3.55 | 18.52 | 4.51 | 20.76 | * | 1.99 | 13.98 | * |
| IADL | 8.64 | 28.09 | 7.35 | 26.12 | *** | 5.20 | 22.22 | *** |
| Depression | 63.44 | 48.16 | 67.50 | 46.87 | *** | 71.98 | 44.93 | *** |
| Anxiety | 36.56 | 48.16 | 32.50 | 46.87 | *** | 28.02 | 44.93 | *** |
| Diabetes | 10.90 | 31.16 | 15.30 | 36.02 | *** | 10.52 | 30.70 | *** |
| Hypertension | 31.67 | 46.52 | 37.72 | 48.50 | *** | 26.47 | 44.14 | *** |
| Heart disease | 13.20 | 33.86 | 13.29 | 33.96 | *** | 4.65 | 21.07 | *** |
| Asthma | 19.14 | 39.34 | 15.78 | 36.47 | *** | 4.98 | 21.77 | *** |
| Education (%) | *** | *** | ||||||
| No high school degree | 25.73 | 43.72 | 38.79 | 48.76 | 62.35 | 48.48 | ||
| High school degree | 46.72 | 49.89 | 35.71 | 47.94 | 22.92 | 42.06 | ||
| College degree | 12.60 | 33.19 | 13.29 | 33.96 | 6.09 | 23.93 | ||
| Advanced degree | 14.95 | 35.66 | 12.22 | 32.77 | 8.64 | 28.11 | ||
| Family income below federal poverty level (%) | *** | *** | ||||||
| Less than 100% FPL | 23.66 | 42.50 | 26.45 | 44.13 | 30.56 | 46.09 | ||
| 100–200% FPL | 20.31 | 40.23 | 23.96 | 42.71 | 34.77 | 47.65 | ||
| More than 200% FPL | 56.03 | 49.64 | 49.58 | 50.03 | 34.66 | 47.62 | ||
| Having usual source of care (%) | 87.21 | 33.40 | 85.05 | 35.68 | *** | 71.21 | 45.30 | *** |
| Insurance (%) | *** | *** | ||||||
| Uninsured | 11.74 | 32.19 | 13.64 | 34.34 | 36.54 | 48.18 | ||
| Public insurance | 26.49 | 44.13 | 37.84 | 48.53 | 31.01 | 46.28 | ||
| Private insurance | 61.76 | 48.60 | 48.52 | 50.01 | 32.45 | 46.84 | ||
| Interview language (%) | *** | *** | ||||||
| English | 99.27 | 8.50 | 90.98 | 28.66 | 93.69 | 24.32 | ||
| Locations (%) | *** | *** | ||||||
| MSA (urban) | 76.80 | 42.21 | 93.59 | 24.50 | 90.81 | 28.91 | ||
| US census region | ||||||||
| Northeast | 14.86 | 35.57 | 25.50 | 43.61 | 12.07 | 32.60 | ||
| Midwest | 24.74 | 43.15 | 13.40 | 34.09 | 8.08 | 27.27 | ||
| South | 38.78 | 48.73 | 26.81 | 44.32 | 28.02 | 44.93 | ||
| West | 21.62 | 41.17 | 34.28 | 47.49 | 51.83 | 49.99 | ||
| Year dummy (%) | ||||||||
| 2002 | 20.72 | 40.53 | 21.83 | 41.33 | 20.16 | 40.14 | ||
| 2003 | 18.70 | 38.99 | 21.83 | 41.33 | 20.16 | 40.14 | ||
| 2004 | 19.42 | 39.56 | 18.86 | 39.14 | 18.94 | 39.20 | ||
| 2005 | 20.36 | 40.27 | 16.84 | 37.45 | 19.38 | 39.55 | ||
| 2006 | 20.80 | 40.59 | 20.64 | 40.50 | 21.37 | 41.02 | ||
Based on data from Medical Panel Expenditure Survey 2002–2006. The sample includes all the people aged 18–64 years old with either diagnose of depression or anxiety disorder
aComparison between US-born citizens and US-naturalized citizens, with US-born citizens as the reference group. Chi-square tests are used for category variables, and P values are reported (* 0.01 ≤ P < 0.05; ** 0.001 ≤ P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001)
bComparison between US-born citizens and non-US citizens, with US-born citizens as the reference group. Chi-square tests are used for category variables, and P values are reported (* 0.01 ≤ P < 0.05; ** 0.001 ≤ P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001)