Heart rate (HR):	Disposable snap electrodes were placed in a bipolar configuration on opposite sides of the chest to measure the participant’s echo- cardiogram (ECG).
Finger pulse amplitude (FPA):	A photoplethysmograph was attached to the distal phalange of the third finger of the nondominant hand and the trough-to-peak amplitude of each finger pulse was measured to assess the amount of blood in the tip of the finger and to provide a measure of peripheral vasoconstriction.
Pulse transmission times to the finger (PTF):	The interval was timed between the R spike of the ECG and the upstroke of the pulse wave at the finger.
Pulse transmission time to the ear (PTE):	A photoplethysmograph was attached to the right ear and the interval was timed between the R spike of the ECG and the up- stroke of the pulse wave at the ear. The two pulse transmission times index the contractile force of the heart along with distensibility of the blood vessels (Newlin & Levenson, 1979).
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP):	A self-regulating finger cuff was attached to the middle phalange of the second finger of the participant’s nondominant hand; a sling was used to immobilize the participant’s arm at heart level. An Ohmeda Finapres Blood Pressure Monitor (Model 2300; Ohmeda, Inc., Helsinki, Finland) was used to collect beat-by-beat measures of both DBP and SBP.