Fig. 5.

Effects of inactivity and OVX on mechanical properties of tibia. The whole-bone mechanical properties measured were a ultimate force, b stiffness (slope of the load–displacement curve), and c work-to-failure (area under the load–displacement curve before fracture). The intrinsic biomechanical properties are d ultimate stress, e elastic modulus, and f toughness. Individual values are marked as in Fig. 2b. Significance was presented as in Fig. 2b between the combined Walking and combined Inactive groups (***P < 0.001 and *P < 0.05). Separate results for four groups can be found in Supplementary Fig. S1