Table 1.

Role of (pro)renin receptor (PRR) signaling in kidney development and disease.

Model	Renal phenotype	Cardiovascular phenotype	Other phenotype	References
Global overexpression of human PRR in the rat	Glomerulosclerosis Proteinuria	Elevated blood pressure	Unknown	[54]
Targeted overexpression of human PRR in rat vasculature	Unknown	Elevated blood pressure and heart rate	Unknown	[77]
SHR rats treated with PRR blocker	Attenuation of renal fibrosis	Attenuation of cardiac fibrosis	Unknown	[78]
Mice with targeted deletion of Prr in cardiomyocytes	Unknown	Cardiac tissue Fibrosis Cardiomyocyt opoptosis	Unknown	[71]
Xenopus embryos treated with anti-PRR morpholino	Unknown	Unknown	Short body axis Impaired CE Small head Short tail Defects in eye pigmentation	[79] [56]
Genetic polymorphism of PRR in humans	Unknown	Hypertension in men LVH in women	Unknown	[80]
			Unknown	[81]
Hypomorphic PRR mutations in humans	Unknown	Unknown	X-linked mental retardation Epilepsy	[76]

SHR: spontaneously hypertensive rats, CE: convergent extension, LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy, PRR: human PRR gene, PRR: human PRR protein, Prr: mouse PRR gene.