Table 1. Model parameter values.

description	parameter	value
cell-cell adhesion energy density		600 µN/m
cell-substrate adhesion energy/area		200 µN/m
Poisson ratio		⅓
Young modulus		1 kPa
bulk compression modulus		1 kPa
cell-cell friction constant		2.8 109 Ns/m3
cell-substrate friction constant		2.8 109 Ns/m3
cell radius friction constant		173 109 Ns/m3
cell viscous friction constant		0.04 Ns/m
number of podia-related update rate		1440 1/d
independent podium update rate		[2…0] 1/d
number of podia offset value		[3.5…2.5]
podium angle scaling constant		3.0 rad
protrusion force		2.5 nN
podium-substrate friction constant		0.07 Ns/m
podium spring constant		0.1 nN/µm
initial radius of cell body		4.75 µm
target volume increment per time		[1200…0] µm3/d
average number of volume increments per time		20 1/d
distance for nearest neighbor classification		5 µm
number of nearest neighbors – proliferation		[4…5]
number of nearest neighbors – podia		[1…3]

Numbers given in square brackets refer to values at low and high cell density, respectively, i.e. value at [low density … high density]. define the low and high cell density regimes, respectively (see subsection G). For parameter values related to the spherical cell bodies refer to our previous publications [34], [49], [50]. The number of podia-related update rate corresponds to the podia generation time of about one minute as measured for eukaryotic cells [53]. The maximum protrusion force of podia ranges between 0.5 and 10 depending on cell type [94], [95].