TABLE 1.

POTENTIAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN HIV-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Excess risk behaviors (e.g., cigarette smoking)

Increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections and colonization

Aberrant inflammatory responses

Altered oxidant/antioxidant balance

Increased apoptosis

Effects of antiretroviral therapy

Direct effects of antiretroviral drugs

Modified immune inflammatory response to colonizing pathogens

Autoimmunity