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EMSAs of the wild-type and mutated afsS promoters, using the proteins H-AfsRΔTPR and GST-PhoPDBD. In lane C (control, using the wild-type promoter), no proteins were added. Note the increase of the PhoP binding activity in the M16 mutant. Note also the cooperative binding of PhoP that results in the formation of several DNA/protein complexes.
