Analysis of xenorhabdicin production in X. nematophila 19061. (A) SDS-PAGE analysis of uninduced xenorhabdicin preparations from wild-type (lane 1), ΔxnpS1 (lane 2), ΔxnpS2 (lane 3), and ΔxnpS1S2 (lane 4) strains. The tail sheath (XnpS), outer membrane porin (OpnP), and flagellum (FliC) proteins are indicated with arrows. (B) TEM analysis of xenorhabdicin preparations from wild-type (panel 1), ΔxnpS1 (panel 2), ΔxnpS2 (panel 3), and ΔxnpS1S2 (panel 4) strains, showing extended tails (Ext), outer membrane vesicles (OMV), and flagellar (F) structures. (C) Analysis of hemolymph collected from M. sexta after injection with wild-type (panel 1) and ΔxnpS1 (panel 2) strains, showing extended tails (Ext) and empty sheath (Emt) structures.