Table 1.
Within- and Between-Group Effects of Placebo and Cherry Juice on Sleep and Other Outcomes
| |
|
Effect size (d) |
Time × group |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Within | Between | F | P | |
| Primary outcome | |||||
| ISI | |||||
| Baseline | 15.5 (2.7) | ||||
| Placebo | 14.9 (3.6) | 0.19 | |||
| Cherry juice | 13.2 (2.8)* | 0.86 | 0.55 | 5.65 | .025 |
| SL (minutes)a | |||||
| Baseline | 24.7 (15.1) | ||||
| Placebo | 23.7 (14.8) | 0.07 | |||
| Cherry juice | 21.1 (17.1)** | 0.23 | 0.17 | 1.25 | .274 |
| WASO (minutes) | |||||
| Baseline | 78.9 (32.7) | ||||
| Placebo | 79.1 (38.6) | -0.01 | |||
| Cherry juice | 62.1 (37.4)** | 0.49 | 0.46 | 8.56 | .007 |
| TST (minutes)a | |||||
| Baseline | 388.3 (48.8) | ||||
| Placebo | 409.2 (43.9)* | 0.47 | |||
| Cherry juice | 417.6 (54.2)** | 0.59 | 0.18 | 0.47 | .528 |
| SE | |||||
| Baseline | 79.2 (7.0) | ||||
| Placebo | 81.4 (8.2) | 0.30 | |||
| Cherry juice | 82.9 (8.6)* | 0.49 | 0.18 | 0.88 | .355 |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| MFIa | |||||
| Baseline | 49.1 (12.5) | ||||
| Placebo | 44.1 (9.4) | 0.47 | |||
| Cherry juice | 46.2 (11.5) | 0.25 | 0.21 | NS | |
| BDI | |||||
| Baseline | 8.5 (4.3) | ||||
| Placebo | 6.4 (4.3) | 0.50 | |||
| Cherry juice | 7.3 (4.0) | 0.26 | 0.14 | NS | |
| BAI | |||||
| Baseline | 6.8 (4.4) | ||||
| Placebo | 5.0 (4.3) | 0.42 | |||
| Cherry juice | 5.8 (4.0) | 0.24 | 0.20 | NS | |
d, the measure of effect size (Cohen's d); BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; MFI, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; NS, not significant.
a
These raw data were transformed to normalize data for significance testing.
Within-group pre–post-treatment improvement of *P < .05. **P < .01.