Table 1.
Metabolite | Synthase | Effector | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Acetyl-CoA | Acetyl-CoA Synthetase ATP-Citrate Lyase |
Acetyltransferases Acetyltransferases |
Histone acetylation Histone acetylation |
ATP | ATP Synthase | Kinases Chromatin remodeling complexes |
Phosphorylation Chromatin remodeling |
FAD+ | FMN adenylyltransferase | LSD family demethylases | Histone demethylation |
α-Ketoglutarate | Isocitrate dehydrogenase | Jmj family demethylases | Histone demethylation |
NAD+ (and related cofactors) |
NMNAT-1* (and NAD+ cofactor kinases and reductases) |
Sirtuins (NAD+) PARPs (NAD+) CtBP (NAD+/NADH) Clock:BMAL1 [NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H] NPAS2:BMAL1 [NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H] |
Histone deacetylation ADP-ribosylation Transcriptional corepression Modulation of DNA binding Modulation of DNA binding |
O-Acetyl-ADP-ribose | Sirtuins | Sir2/3/4 MacroH2A1.1 |
Regulation of enzyme activity Regulation of protein-protein interactions |
S-adenosylmethionine | MatIIα* | Protein Methyltransferases DNA Methyltransferases |
Histone methylation DNA methylation |
Of the metabolite producers (“synthases”) listed here, only MATIIα (Katoh et al., 2011) and NMNAT-1 (Zhang et al., 2009) have been shown to be recruited to chromatin. The extent to which other metabolite-producing enzymes are recruited to target gene promoters has yet to be determined.