Table 1.

Individual, peer, and neighborhood characteristics by the four parental-monitoring groups

Variables	High (n = 3,781)	Increasing (n = 262)	Decreasing (n = 443)	Low (n = 819)	Total (n = 5,305)
Gender*
Males	48.5	42.8	60.5	64.6	51.7
Females	51.5	57.3	39.5	35.4	48.3
Ethnicity*
Whites	54.5	38.9	51.9	43.7	51.9
African Americans	24.1	35.5	24.8	31.1	25.8
Hispanics	20.5	24.4	22.4	23.9	21.4
Others	0.9	1.2	0.9	1.2	0.9
Early engagement in problem behaviors by age 14
Had sex*	18.8	34.7	28.0	43.1	24.1
Smoked cigarettes*	12.4	26.7	16.0	26.7	15.6
Drank alcohol*	14.7	22.9	14.9	26.8	17.0
Used marijuana*	5.0	12.6	6.1	12.0	6.5
Involved in gang*	2.6	9.2	4.3	9.8	4.1
Arrested*	4.6	10.7	6.8	13.5	6.5
Peer influence: percentage of peers who
Smoked cigarettes*	61.1	66.2	59.4	70.8	62.7
Drunk at least once a month*	37.0	42.9	31.6	48.9	61.3
Ever used drugs*	46.3	44.7	46.1	61.9	49.1
Belonged to a gang*	39.0	40.7	31.1	45.1	32.2
Cut class/school*	55.7	68.2	60.5	72.8	59.4
Went to church regularly*	88.6	82.0	87.2	82.9	87.3
Plan to go to college*	96.6	96.1	95.6	93.3	96.0
Neighborhood safety
Residence area*
Rural	24.0	21.8	19.2	18.2	22.6
Urban	71.7	74.8	77.4	77.5	73.2
Unknown	4.4	3.4	3.4	4.3	4.2
Hear a gunshot during a day*	19.2	28.1	22.2	29.7	21.4
Gangs in neighborhood*	40.8	53.3	45.5	54.3	43.9
Household was broken into*	14.0	16.5	16.9	22.0	15.6
Victim of bullying*	18.2	20.5	17.3	27.0	19.6
See someone shot with gun*	9.0	13.5	13.7	18.6	11.1
School experience (7–28)*	20.3 (2.9)	18.9 (3.1)	19.9 (3.2)	18.8 (2.9)	19.9 (3.0)
Self expectation (4–16)*	11.5 (1.9)	10.9 (1.7)	11.2 (1.9)	10.7 (1.8)	11.3 (1.9)
Mental health 2004, (5–20)*	15.6 (2.4)	15.4 (2.5)	15.2 (2.6)	15.1 (2.7)	15.5 (2.5)

* p < 0.01