Table 4. Full Covariate Results for PPVT Outcomes, Models 1-4.

	Full sample, unadjusted	Full sample, adjusted	Matched sample, unadjusted	Matched sample, adjusted
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Language-Based Bedtime Routine	0.35***	0.14**	0.21**	0.12*
Sleep Duration (hours)		-0.01		-0.01
Child Characteristics
Age		-0.01*		-0.02*
Female		0.17***		0.17***
Low Birth Weight		-0.09		-0.06
Demographic Characteristics of Caregiver and Household
Age of Mother (years at focal child's birth)		0.01		0.01
Mother is White		--		--
Mother is Black		-0.39***		-0.36***
Mother is Hispanic		-0.44***		-0.41***
Mother is Another Ethnicity		-0.05		-0.02
Mother US Born		0.24**		-.20+
Mother has < HS Education		-0.20***		-0.22**
Mother has HS Education		-0.19***		-0.19**
Mother has > HS Education		--		--
Mother's PPVT-R Score		0.18***		0.20***
Mother's Depressive Symptoms		0.01		0.01
Mother and Biological Father in Household		--		--
Single-Mother Household		-0.02		-0.03
Mother and Social Father in Household		-0.06		-0.07
Number of Adults in Household		0.00		-0.01
Number of Children in Household		-0.05**		-0.05*
Number of Bedrooms in Household		0.038		0.03
Mean Income Birth-36-Months: <Poverty		-0.37***		-0.35***
Mean Income Birth-36-Months: 1-2x Poverty		-0.13*		-0.12*
Mean Income Birth-36-Months: 2x+ Poverty		--		--
Observations	2,346	2,346	1,725	1,725

^***p<.001

^**p<.01

^*p<.05

⁺p<.10

Note: Beta Coefficients (for OLS regressions). Model 1 controls only for the presence of language-based bedtime routines. Model 2 also controls for all of the child characteristics and demographic characteristics of the caregiver and household (listed in Table 1). Models also control for whether the child took the test in Spanish