TABLE 1.
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption by Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Perceived Social and Environmental Covariates: Denver, CO, 2006–2007
| No. (%) | Fruit and Vegetable Consumption/Day, Mean (95% CI) | |
| Individual-level factors | ||
| Gender | ||
| Men | 141 (32) | 4.3 (4.0, 4.7) |
| Women | 295 (68) | 4.6 (4.3, 4.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-White | 189 (43) | 4.2 (3.8, 4.7) |
| White | 247 (57) | 4.4 (4.0, 4.7) |
| Educational attainment | ||
| < college degree | 192 (44) | 3.7x (3.4, 4.0) |
| ≥ college degree | 244 (56) | 4.9x (4.7 5.2) |
| Public assistance in past y | ||
| Received some | 161 (37) | 4.1x (3.7, 4.5) |
| Did not receive any | 275 (63) | 4.6x (4.3, 5.0) |
| Age, y | ||
| 18–24 | 30 (7) | 3.6x,y (2.7, 4.4) |
| 25–44 | 184 (42) | 4.4 (4.0, 4.7) |
| 45–64 | 165 (38) | 4.6y (4.2, 5.0) |
| 65–94 | 56 (13) | 4.9x (4.3, 5.5) |
| Health behaviors and conditions | ||
| Physical activity,a h/wk (n=430) | ||
| Low | 150 (35) | 4.2x (3.8, 4.5) |
| Medium | 144 (33) | 4.3y (3.9, 4.7) |
| High | 136 (32) | 5.0x,y (4.6, 5.4) |
| Body mass indexb (n=415) | ||
| Normal | 203 (49) | 4.6x (4.3, 4.9) |
| Overweight | 124 (30) | 4.4 (4.0, 4.8) |
| Obese | 88 (21) | 3.8x (3.4, 4.3) |
| Self-rated health | ||
| Poor to fair | 86 (20) | 3.9x,y (3.4, 4.4) |
| Good | 109 (25) | 4.1z (3.7, 4.6) |
| Very good | 148 (34) | 4.9x,z (4.5, 5.2) |
| Excellent | 92 (21) | 4.6y (4.1, 5.0) |
| Perceived psychological, social, and environmental conditions | ||
| Neighborhood attachmenta | ||
| Low | 140 (32) | 4.1x,y (3.7, 4.5) |
| Medium | 133 (31) | 4.7y (4.3, 5.1) |
| High | 134 (31) | 4.6x (4.2, 5.0) |
| Social involvementa | ||
| Low | 189 (43) | 4.0x,y (3.6, 4.3) |
| Medium | 98 (22) | 4.6x (4.2, 5.1) |
| High | 149 (34) | 4.9y (4.6, 5.3) |
| Perceived neighborhood aestheticsa | ||
| Low | 133 (31) | 3.9x,y (3.5, 4.2) |
| Medium | 153 (35) | 4.3y,z (4.0, 4.7) |
| High | 149 (34) | 5.0x,z (4.6, 5.4) |
| Garden participation | ||
| Nongardener | 187 (43) | 3.9x,y (3.6, 4.3) |
| Home gardener | 208 (48) | 4.6x,z (4.3, 4.9) |
| Community gardener | 41 (9) | 5.7y,z (5.0, 6.3) |
Note. CI = confidence interval. Total sample was 436 participants.
x,y,zPairwise differences among study covariates were evaluated using the difference of least square means test (P < .05); significant differences are indicated by superscripts (x, y, z). Means with the same superscript differ significantly from each other.
a
Defined as the bottom, middle, and top thirds of the distribution scores.
b
Defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared: normal weight (<25), overweight (25 to <30), and obese (≥30).