TABLE 2.
Hierarchical Linear Model Results on the Relationship Between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Individual Characteristics, Social Processes, and Environmental Perceptions: Denver, CO, 2006–2007
| Bivariable Relationships, B | Multivariable Relationships, B |
||||
| Null | Model A | Model B | Model C | ||
| Compositional variables | |||||
| Gender (Ref: men) | −0.25 | ||||
| Race/ethnicity (Ref: non-White) | −0.82** | ||||
| Education (Ref: < college degree) | −1.26*** | −1.14*** | −0.82** | −0.78** | |
| Public assistance (Ref: received assistance) | −0.53** | ||||
| Age | 0.01** | ||||
| Health behaviors and health conditions | |||||
| Physical activity, h/wk | 0.04*** | 0.04** | 0.03** | 0.03** | |
| Body mass indexa | −0.05** | ||||
| Self-rated healthb | 0.27** | ||||
| Perceived psychological, social, and environmental conditionsc | |||||
| Neighborhood attachment | 0.31** | ||||
| Social support | −0.25 | ||||
| Social involvement | 1.38*** | 0.78** | 0.63** | ||
| Perceived neighborhood aesthetics | 0.89*** | 0.38** | 0.29 | ||
| Gardening (Ref: nongardener) | |||||
| Community gardener | 1.74*** | 0.96** | |||
| Home gardener | 0.70** | 0.16 | |||
| ρ (intraclass correlation) | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| Intercept | 4.5 | 4.2 | 2.9 | 3.0 | |
| −2 log likelihood | 1921 | 1866 | 1857 | 1852 | |
Note. Total sample was 436 participants. Models A through C: the final models with significant variables are presented for each domain and retained in subsequent models. Model A includes health covariates. Model B includes social and psychological covariates. Model C includes all significant variables from models A and B in addition to the gardening variable.
aBody mass index is defined as weight in kilograms divided by self-reported height in meters squared.
bSelf-rated health rates are on a scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent).
cNeighborhood attachment scale measures the individual's degree of attachment to the neighborhood s/he is living in. Social support measures involvement. Social support measures individual's interactions with friends, family, and neighbors. Social involvement measures individual's involvement in neighborhood and community activities. Neighborhood aesthetics measures individual's perceptions of neighborhood attractiveness.
*P ≤ .1; **P ≤ .05; ***P < .001.