Table 3:
Variables associated with the risk of transition to injection drug use (n = 39) among the 197 participants of the Cedar Project in British Columbia, Canada, for whom follow-up information was available
| Variable | HR (95% CI)* | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
| Interviewed in Prince George, BC | 0.99 (0.53–1.85) | — |
| Female sex | 1.98 (1.06–3.72)† | 1.03 (0.46–2.29) |
| Mean age at enrolment | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | — |
| Identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual or two-spirited | 1.97 (0.77–5.04) | — |
| At least one parent attended residential school | 0.78 (0.41–1.48) | — |
| Ever placed in foster care | 1.37 (0.67–2.81) | — |
| In a relationship during the past 6 mo | 0.62 (0.30–1.31) | — |
| Ever experienced sexual abuse | 1.24 (0.66–2.34) | — |
| Sexual assault in the past 6 mo | 0.88 (0.12–6.40) | — |
| Lived on the street for ≥ 3 nights | 0.97 (0.51–1.83) | — |
| Ever denied shelter because of drug use | 0.95 (0.42–2.15) | — |
| Ever incarcerated overnight or longer | 0.87 (0.47–1.64) | — |
| Ever attempted suicide | 1.13 (0.58–2.19) | — |
| Ever practised self harm | 0.64 (0.32–1.28) | — |
| History of mental illness | 1.30 (0.65–2.62) | — |
| Involved in sex work in the past 6 mo | 3.35 (1.75–6.40)‡ | 3.94 (1.45–10.71)‡ |
| Inconsistent use of condoms with casual partner in the past 6 mo | 0.96 (0.40–2.29) | — |
| Inconsistent use of condoms with regular partner in the past 6 mo | 1.25 (0.67–2.36) | — |
| Inconsistent use of condoms with clients in the past 6 mo | 2.69 (0.64–11.29) | — |
| Use of drugs with clients in the past 6 mo | 2.51 (1.19–5.32)§ | 0.64 (0.23–1.82) |
| History of sexually transmitted infection in the past 6 mo | 2.01 (1.07–3.78)† | 1.72 (0.88–3.37) |
| Smoked crack cocaine daily in the past 6 mo | 1.69 (0.89–3.19) | — |
| Smoked heroin daily in the past 6 mo | 1.72 (0.53–5.59) | — |
| Smoked methamphetamine daily in the past 6 mo | 1.22 (0.53–5.59) | — |
| Ever received treatment for addiction | 1.37 (0.70–2.66) | — |
| Tried to access treatment for addiction in the past 6 mo | 1.20 (0.62–2.31) | — |
| Received treatment with methadone in the past 6 mo | 1.23 (0.17–8.97) | — |
Note: BC = British Columbia, CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio.
*
HR < 1.00 shows an effect size that is protective for the exposed group; HR > 1.00 indicates an effect size that is higher among members of the exposed group than members of the reference group.
†
Significant at p < 0.05.
‡
Significant at p < 0.001.
§
Significant at p < 0.01.