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. 2011 Aug 15;15(4):1043–1083. doi: 10.1089/ars.2010.3619

FIG. 10.

FIG. 10.

Ceramide-metabolizing pathways. The de novo synthesis of ceramide begins with the conversion of dihydro-sphingosine into dihydro-ceramide by ceramide synthase and then further converted into ceramide. ASMase and NSMase catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bond in SM and produces ceramide and choline phosphate. Ceramide is converted back into SM by SM synthase and degraded by ceramidase.