FIG. 8.
LR redox signaling platforms associated with NADPH oxidase in transmembrane signaling. Under resting condition without ligand binding, individual LR with or without NOX are present in the membrane of ECs. When receptor ligand binding occurs, LRs are clustered to form LR platforms, with aggregation and assembling of NADPH oxidase subunits and other proteins such as Rac GTPase. Then, NADPH oxidase is activated to produce O2•−, which reacts with NO to produce ONOO−, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. (To see this illustration in color the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertonline.com/ars).