Figure 4.

Earthworm extract effects on Schwann cell migration was ERK1/2 and p38 signaling dependent. RSC cells were pretreated with U0126 or SB203580 for 1 h, then treated with 125 μg/ml earthworm extract for 24 h. After incubation with earthworm extract, migration was assayed using Boyden chambers ((a)–(c), (e)–(g)). Cells that migrated through the membrane were counted using a counting grid fitted into a phase contrast microscope eyepiece. The results shown are the mean number of migrating cells per field performed in triplicate. Western blot analysis of many protein levels, as indicated, in RSC cells treated with earthworm extract. ((d) and (h)). ^#### denote significant differences from control values with P < .0001. **** denote significant differences treated with earthworm extract only values with P < .0001.