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. 2011 Jan 4;2011:395458. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep131

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Copyright © 2011 Yung-Ming Chang et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Schematic model of earthworm extract migrative effects on RSC96 Schwann cells. Stimulation of Schwann cells with earthworm activates ERK1/2 and p38 signaling, leading to upregulating uPA and tPA, and contributing to activating MMP9 and MMP2, enhancing the Schwann RSC96 cell migration. NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule; GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; NGF, nerve growth factor; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; JAK1/STAT1, janus kinase1/signal transducers and activators of transcription1; GSH, glutathione; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; CAT, catalase; EGF, epidermal growth factor. Dotted lines indicate the hypothetical molecular mechanism of the bioactive compound present in earthworm powder.