Table 1. Biomass-to-fuel (BTF) efficiency through different biomass utilization pathways.

Biofuel	Technology	Feedstock	Efficiency	Original Data	Original Data unit	Reference
corn ethanol	fermentation	corn	46.4%	0.372	L/kg dry	[95]
	fermentation	corn	49.4%	0.396	L/kg dry	[10]
	fermentation	corn	50.1%	0.402	L/kg dry	[48]
cellulosic ethanol	fermentation	corn stover	48.4%	0.298	kg/kg	[45]
	fermentation	corn stover	55.6%	0.342	kg/kg	[53]
sugar	hydrolysis	corn stover	55.8%	0.652	kg/kg	[53]
	hydrolysis	corn stover	61.1%	0.714	kg/kg	[58]
hydrogen	gasification	wood	55.0%	55.00	%LHV	[57]
	gasification	almond shells	70.8%	74%	HHV	[58]
methanol	gasification	wood	50.9%	0.477	kg/kg	[59]
	gasification	lignocellulose	54.9%	59.0	%HHV	[58]
DME	gasification	energy crop	39.0%	39–56.8%	LHV	[60]
FT-diesel	gasification	lignocellulose	41.4%	42.0	%HHV	[31]
	gasification	lignocellulose	52.0%	52.0	%LHV	[61]
ester micro-diesel	fermentation	glucose	7.2%	14.0	% theoretical efficiency	[22]
	fermentation	glucose	36.5%	64	%LHV	[6]
butanol	fermentation	glucose	46.7%	0.350	g/g glucose	[17]
	fermentation	glucose	52.8%	92.6%	LHV	[6]
methane	fermentation	ley crops	62.2%	10.6	GJ/dry ton	[54]
	fermentation	energy maize	81.3%	0.374	m3/kg dry maize	[55]
electricity	boiler	lignocellulose	25–43%	25–43%	LHV	[62]
electricity	BIGCC	lignocellulose	45.0%	45.0%	LHV	[63]
	BIGCC	lignocellulose	32–40%	32–40%	LHV	[62]
electricity	molten carbonate FC	lignocellulose	40.2%	40.2%	LHV	[64]
electricity	FC	lignocellulose	51.0%	51.0%	LHV	[65]