Table 1.
Study Population Characteristics by Presence of Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) on Computed Tomography
| Characteristica | Total Cohort | CAC | No CAC | OR (95% CI) | p- value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=223 | N=75 | N=148 | |||
|
Demographics | |||||
| Age, years | 43 (36–50) | 49 (44–55) | 40 (31–45) | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | <0.01 |
| Gender, male | 213 (96%) | 71 (95%) | 142 (99%) | 0.8 (0.2–2.8) | 0.74 |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Caucasian | 110 (49%) | 48 (64%) | 62 (42%) | 2.0 (1.0–3.9) | 0.04 |
| African American | 52 (23%) | 10 (13%) | 42 (28%) | 0.6 (0.3–1.5) | 0.29 |
| Other | 61 (28%) | 17 (23%) | 44 (30%) | 1.0 (Ref) | |
|
Clinical Data | |||||
| Tobacco Use | |||||
| Current | 39 (17%) | 15(20%) | 24 (16%) | 1.29 (0.63–2.64) | 0.58 |
| Ever | 111 (50%) | 40 (53%) | 71 (48%) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 0.67 |
| Years of Useb | 12 (5–20) | 18 (9–25) | 10 (5–18) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | <0.01 |
| Family History of Cardiovascular Disease | 75 (34%) | 31 (41%) | 44 (30%) | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) | 0.10 |
| Hepatitis C seropositive | 6 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 4 (3%) | 0.99 (0.2, 5.5) | 0.99 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 14 (6%) | 10 (13%) | 4 (3%) | 5.5 (1.7–18.3) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension | 66 (30%) | 37 (49%) | 29 (20%) | 4.0 (2.2–7.3) | <0.01 |
| Use of Prescription Lipid Lowering Medication | 70 (31%) | 38 (51%) | 32 (22%) | 3.7 (2.0–6.8) | <0.01 |
| Metabolic Syndromec | 50 (23%) | 26 (35%) | 24 (16%) | 2.8 (1.5–5.4) | <0.01 |
| Sexual Dysfunction | 52 (23%) | 26 (35%) | 26 (18%) | 2.5 (1.3–4.7) | <0.01 |
|
Weight and Fat Distribution Measurements | |||||
| Weight | |||||
| Body Mass Index | 26.7 (24.2–29.5) | 26.2 (23.8–28.8) | 27.0 (24.3–29.8) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.39 |
| Obese (>30 kg/m2) | 44 (19%) | 11 (15%) | 33 (22%) | 0.6 (0.3–1.3) | 0.21 |
| Waist Circumference, cm | 93 (85–99) | 94 (86–99) | 94 (86–99) | 1.0 (0.99–1.0) | 0.90 |
| Abdominal Obesityc | 54 (24%) | 22 (29%) | 32 (22%) | 1.5 (0.8–2.8) | 0.25 |
| Waist-Hip Ratio | 1.0 (0.96–1.04) | 1.01 (0.96–1.04) | 1 (0.96–1.05) | 2.8 (0.3–23.6) | 0.35 |
| Percent Body Fat | 26 (23–30) | 28 (23–33) | 26 (23–29) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.04 |
| Thigh Circumference, cm | 56 (52–60) | 54 (51–57) | 57 (53–61) | 0.5 (0.3–0.8)d | <0.01 |
|
Physician Visual Assessment of Fat Distribution | |||||
| Cheeks | |||||
| Loss | 67 (30%) | 30 (40%) | 37 (25%) | 2.6 (1.4–4.8) | <0.01 |
| No Change | 125 (56%) | 30 (40%) | 95 (64%) | 1.0 (Ref) | |
| Gain | 31 (14%) | 15 (20%) | 16 (11%) | 3.0 (1.3–6.7) | <0.01 |
| Neck | |||||
| Loss | 4 (2%) | 2 (3%) | 2 (1%) | 2.8 (0.4–20.3) | 0.31 |
| No Change | 170 (76%) | 45 (60%) | 125 (85%) | 1.0 (Ref) | |
| Gain | 49 (22%) | 28 (37%) | 21 (14%) | 3.7 (1.9–7.2) | <0.01 |
| Breasts | |||||
| Loss | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | --- | --- |
| No Change | 181 (81%) | 53 (71%) | 128 (86%) | 1.0 (Ref) | |
| Gain | 41 (18%) | 22 (29%) | 19 (13%) | 2.8 (1.4–5.6) | <0.01 |
| Abdomen | |||||
| Loss | 3 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 1.6 (0.1–18.5) | 0.70 |
| No Change | 114 (51%) | 27 (36%) | 87 (59%) | 1.0 (Ref) | |
| Gain | 106 (48%) | 47 (63%) | 59 (40%) | 2.6 (1.4–4.6) | <0.01 |
| Buttocks | |||||
| Loss | 46 (21%) | 25 (33%) | 21 (14%) | 3.3 (1.7–6.5) | <0.01 |
| No Change | 159 (71%) | 42 (56%) | 117 (79%) | 1.0 (Ref) | |
| Gain | 18 (8%) | 8 (11%) | 10 (7%) | 2.2 (0.8–6.0) | 0.11 |
| Legs | |||||
| Loss | 66 (30%) | 36 (48%) | 30 (20%) | 4.0 (2.2–7.5) | <0.01 |
| No Change | 144 (64%) | 33 (44%) | 111 (75%) | 1.0 (Ref) | |
| Gain | 13 (6%) | 6 (8%) | 7 (5%) | 2.9 (0.9–9.2) | 0.07 |
|
Laboratory Measures | |||||
| Hyperglycemiac | 21 (9%) | 11 (15%) | 10 (7%) | 2.4 (1.0–5.9) | 0.06 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (> 200 mg/dl) | 71 (32%) | 30 (40%) | 41 (28%) | 1.7 (1.0–3.1) | 0.06 |
| High LDL (≥160 mg/dl) | 25 (11%) | 11 (15%) | 14 (9%) | 1.6 (0.7–3.8) | 0.25 |
| Low HDLc | 102 (46%) | 34 (45%) | 68 (46%) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 1.0 |
| Hypertriglyceridemiac | 106 (48%) | 45 (60%) | 61 (41%) | 2.1 (1.2–3.8) | <0.01 |
| C-Reactive Protein | |||||
| >0.5 mg/dl | 31 (14%) | 15 (20%) | 16 (11%) | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | 0.05 |
| ESR | |||||
| >20 mm/hour | 53 (24%) | 20 (27%) | 33 (22%) | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | 0.51 |
| D-Dimer | |||||
| >0.4 μg/ml | 34 (15%) | 14 (19%) | 20 (14%) | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) | 0.33 |
|
CT Results | |||||
| Fatty Liver Disease Presente | 29 (13%) | 17 (23%) | 12 (8%) | 3.4 (1.5–7.5) | <0.01 |
|
HIV-Specific Factors | |||||
| HIV Duration, years | 12 (5–19) | 18 (9–22) | 9 (4–16) | 1.1 (1.1–1.1) | <0.01 |
| Current CD4 Cell Count, cells/mm3 | 586 (393–733) | 571 (328–795) | 600 (456–726) | 1.0 (0.0–1.1)f | 0.30 |
| <200 | 13 (6%) | 7 (9%) | 6 (4%) | 2.8 (0.9–8.9) | 0.13 |
| 200–500 | 73 (33%) | 28 (37%) | 45 (30%) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) | 0.18 |
| >500 | 137 (61%) | 40 (53%) | 97 (66%) | 1.0 (Ref) | 0.08 |
| Nadir CD4 Cell Count, cells/mm3 | 260 (144–368) | 184 (79–323) | 285 (183–390) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9)f | <0.01 |
| HIV RNA Level <50 copies/ml | 157 (70%) | 55 (73%) | 102 (69%) | 1.2 (0.7–2.3) | 0.50 |
| Current HAART Use | 185 (83%) | 70 (93%) | 115 (78%) | 4.0 (1.5–10.8) | <0.01 |
| Abacavir Use | |||||
| Current | 42 (19%) | 21 (28%) | 21 (14%) | 2.4 (1.2–4.7) | 0.01 |
| Ever | 78 (35%) | 40 (53%) | 38 (26%) | 3.3 (1.8–5.9) | <0.01 |
| Ritonavir Use | |||||
| Current | 92 (41%) | 38 (51%) | 54 (36%) | 1.8 (1.02, 3.1) | 0.04 |
| Ever | 110 (49%) | 52 (69%) | 58 (39%) | 3.5 (1.9, 6.4) | <0.01 |
| NRTI, months of use | 77 (20–149) | 143 (66–182) | 49 (10–122) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2)g | <0.01 |
| NNRTI, months of use | 17 (0–51) | 33 (1–71) | 12 (0–41) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3)g | <0.01 |
| PI, months of use | 26 (0–75) | 53 (10–106) | 3 (0–68) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2)g | <0.01 |
a
Categorical variables expressed as number (percentage) and continuous variables as median (interquartile range)
b
Among those with a history of tobacco use
c
The definitions are based on the ATP III guidelines: abdominal obesity (abdominal circumference >102 cm for men and >88 cm for women), elevated triglyceride level (>150 mg/dl), decreased HDL level (<40 mg/dl for men and <50 mg/dl for women), elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose (>110 mg/dl). The presence of 3 or more defined the metabolic syndrome [Expert Panel]
d
OR calculated for 10 mm increase
e
Two participants did not have fatty liver assessment performed; one due to splenectomy and one due to error in obtaining liver imaging
f
OR calculated per 100 cells
g
OR calculated for 12 months of use