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β-adrenergic receptor signaling: differential regulation of apoptosis. Gs=stimulatory guanylyl nucleotide binding protein; cAMP=cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA=protein kinase A; CaMKII=calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; PI3K=phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt=protein kinase B; GSK3β=glycogen synthase kinase 3β; Bad=Bcl-2-associated death promoter.
