TABLE 2.
Acceptance of the basic tastes in a cereal matrix on the basis of the type of milk or formula that infants are currently consuming and whether they are eating table foods1
| NT |
T |
P value |
|||||
| BM (n = 37) | MF (n = 16) | HCF (n = 13) | MF (n = 12) | HCF (n = 11) | One-factor analyses for NT groups2 | Two-factor analyses for MF and HCF groups3 | |
| Lactose | |||||||
| Intake (g) | 71.7 ± 7.94 | 89.5 ± 18.5 | 95.8 ± 14.4 | 73.8 ± 15.4 | 78.9 ± 19.7 | NS | NS |
| Length of feeding (min) | 13.2 ± 1.1 | 12.9 ± 1.9 | 12.6 ± 1.5 | 12.0 ± 2.2 | 11.8 ± 1.5 | NS | NS |
| Rate of intake (g/min) | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 1.45 | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 6.6 ± 1.4 | 0.03 | NS |
| Distaste expressions (no./spoonful offered) | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | NS | NS |
| Mothers' rating of liking6 | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 7.3 ± 0.5 | 6.6 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.6 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | NS | NS |
| Glutamate | |||||||
| Intake (g) | 49.6 ± 6.9 | 63.7 ± 14.2 | 114.4 ± 15.657 | 59.0 ± 17.6 | 41.0 ± 9.98 | 0.0004 | 0.059 0.0410 |
| Length of feeding (min) | 9.6 ± 0.9 | 11.4 ± 1.8 | 16.6 ± 1.8511 | 9.0 ± 1.9 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 0.006 | 0.059 0.0610 |
| Rate of intake (g/min) | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 1.112 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 0.05 | NS |
| Distaste expressions (no./spoonful offered) | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | NS | 0.069 |
| Mothers' rating of liking5 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 7.6 ± 0.457 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 0.05 | 0.0613 |
| Salt | |||||||
| Intake (g) | 67.6 ± 9.8 | 80.2 ± 16.0 | 76.4 ± 17.1 | 65.4 ± 17.4 | 64.0 ± 15.6 | NS | NS |
| Length of feeding (min) | 12.5 ± 1.2 | 14.0 ± 2.1 | 10.9 ± 1.9 | 10.4 ± 2.3 | 9.7 ± 1.3 | NS | NS |
| Rate of intake (g/min) | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 8.8 ± 2.312 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 7.4 ± 1.8 | 0.02 | NS |
| Distaste expressions (no./spoonful offered) | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | NS | NS |
| Mothers' rating of liking6 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 6.7 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 7.4 ± 0.5 | NS | NS |
| Citric acid | |||||||
| Intake (g) | 45.5 ± 7.2 | 56.8 ± 8.6 | 89.0 ± 12.65 | 69.5 ± 18.0 | 48.8 ± 9.88 | 0.003 | 0.0510 |
| Length of feeding (min) | 9.1 ± 0.8 | 10.7 ± 1.4 | 12.5 ± 1.4 | 9.1 ± 2.0 | 8.3 ± 1.1 | NS | NS |
| Rate of intake (g/min) | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 7.3 ± 1.15 | 7.2 ± 0.77 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 0.01 | 0.0510 |
| Distaste expressions (no./spoonful offered) | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | NS | NS |
| Mothers' rating of liking6 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 5.3 ± 0.8 | NS | NS |
| Urea | |||||||
| Intake (g) | 36.7 ± 6.2 | 44.0 ± 9.0 | 78.6 ± 14.6511 | 54.0 ± 17.6 | 47.5 ± 16.6 | 0.02 | NS |
| Length of feeding (min) | 8.3 ± 0.9 | 8.7 ± 1.4 | 11.5 ± 1.7 | 9.9 ± 2.4 | 9.6 ± 1.6 | NS | NS |
| Rate of intake (g/min) | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 6.8 ± 0.85 | 5.0 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 0.009 | NS |
| Distaste expressions (no./spoonful offered) | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | NS | NS |
| Mothers' rating of liking6 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 6.4 ± 0.85 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 0.7 | NS | NS |
| Plain | |||||||
| Intake (g) | 46.6 ± 7.0 | 57.0 ± 11.8 | 87.7 ± 14.15 | 47.6 ± 11.4 | 50.5 ± 16.0 | 0.02 | NS |
| Length of feeding (min) | 9.1 ± 0.8 | 10.4 ± 1.6 | 12.9 ± 1.15 | 9.9 ± 2.5 | 9.0 ± 1.7 | NS | NS |
| Rate of intake (g/min) | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 6.8 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | NS | NS |
| Distaste expressions (no./spoonful offered) | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | NS | NS |
| Mothers' rating of liking6 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 6.2 ± 0.4 | 7.8 ± 0.357 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 0.002 | 0.029 |
BM, breast milk group; MF, milk-based formula group; HCF, hydrolyzed casein formula group; NT, no table food group; T, table food group.
values obtained after one-factor ANOVA with milk/formula groups (BF, MF, or HCF) as the between-subjects factor for NT infants. If significant (P < 0.05), planned comparisons between HCF-NT and MF-NT and between HCF-NT and BM-NT were performed by using Bonferroni-corrected t tests.
values obtained after 2-factor ANOVA with milk/formula groups (MF or HCF) and table food groups (TF or NT) as the between-subjects factors for formula-fed infants only. If significant (P < 0.05), post hoc tests were conducted to calculate differences between groups.
Mean ± SEM (all such values).
Significantly different from BM-NT, P < 0.05.
Values ranged from 1 to 9 (1 = did not like, 9 = liked very much).
Significantly different from MF-NT, P < 0.05.
Significantly different from HCF-NT, P < 0.05.
Main effect of table food groups.
Interaction effect of table food groups × milk/formula groups.
Indicates a trend when compared with MF-NT (P < 0.06).
Indicates a trend when compared with BM-NT (P < 0.06).
Main effect of milk/formula groups.