Table 2.
SNPs in the Leptin (Lep) and Leptin Receptor (LepR) Genes.
| SNP ID | Amino acid change | Nucleotide change | Parameter association | Population | Leptin level (% change) | P value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leptin (Lep) | |||||||
| rs4731427 | SNP associated with weight and waist circumference in African Americans | Young adults (Caucasians, African Americans) | [95] | ||||
| +19G > A | No association with BMI, WHR, fasting glucose & insulin, lipids and leptin levels | [96] | |||||
| No association with waist girth, plasma triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, glucose and systolic, and diastolic blood pressure | French Caucasian | [97] | |||||
| No association with waist-to-hip ratio, fasting leptin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides | Italian Caucasian (obese/non-obese) | [98] | |||||
| No genotype associated with BMI, but A allele associated with higher leptin levels in obese patients | French Caucasian (obese/non-obese) | 18.93 | .001 | [99] | |||
| A allele in females associated with lower body weight, BMI and plasma leptin levels, lower risk of obesity | African Americans and Caucasians | 6.68 | .01 | [100] | |||
| rs17151919 | SNP associated with weight and waist circumference in African Americans and weight in Caucasians, waist circumference in Caucasian women | Young adults (Caucasians, African Americans) | [95] | ||||
| rs28954369 | SNP associated with weight, waist circumference in African Americans and weight in Caucasians, waist circumference in Caucasian women | Young adults (Caucasians, African Americans) | [95] | ||||
| rs2167270 | SNP associated with weight in Caucasians, waist circumference in Caucasian women | Young adults (Caucasians, African Americans) | [95] | ||||
| rs7799039 | G > A | A allele significantly associated with BMI | Caucasians | [101] | |||
| −2548 G > A | G allele associated with overweight, and with lower leptin concentrations in men | 17.46 | .05 | [102] | |||
| A allele not associated with obesity | Spanish Mediterranean | [103] | |||||
| Leptin Receptor (LepR) | |||||||
| rs1137101 | Gln223Arg | A > G | G allele associated with BMI, WHR, leptin levels, and insulin levels | Asian Indians (diabetic/ nondiabetic) | .001 | [104] | |
| G allele associated with higher BMI, fat mass, and serum leptin levels | Caucasian women (post-menopausal) | 31.15 | .0001 | [105] | |||
| GG genotype associated with BMI in nonsmokers | Brazilians of European descent (Caucasian) | [106] | |||||
| G allele associated with increased rates of obesity, higher BMI and % fat mass | Greek | [107] | |||||
| GG genotype had larger subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size than AA, however, no difference in overall adiposity | Pima Indians | [108] | |||||
| G allele associated with insulin resistance | Caucasians | [109] | |||||
| GG phenotype associated with lean phenotype | Spanish Mediterranean | [103] | |||||
| GG and AG genotypes associated with increased risk of familial hypercholesterolemia, but not obesity, insulin resistance or other lipid parameters | Dutch | [110] | |||||
| G allele associated with increased rate of obesity | Brazilians (obese/non-obese) | [111] | |||||
| AA genotype was associated with increased total abdominal fat | Belgian Caucasian women (overweight and obese) | [112] | |||||
| No association with BMI, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, serum leptin, or soluble leptin receptor levels | Japanese | [113] | |||||
| G allele associated with increased adiposity | Danish postmenopausal women | [114] | |||||
| GG genotype had lower blood pressure compared to AA | Swedish men (hypertensive/ normotensive) | [115] | |||||
| G allele associated with CRC risk | Czech (CRC patients) | [46] | |||||
| G allele associated with higher fat mass and BMI | [116] | ||||||
| A allele associated with higher insulin, leptin levels, and body fat | Mexican adolescents | 62.02 | .001 | [117] | |||
| No association with BMI, WHR, fasting glucose & insulin, lipids and leptin levels | [96] | ||||||
| AA genotype had greater risk of developing T2DM | Finnish (impaired glucose tolerance) | [118] | |||||
| G allele associated with BMI, change in BMI over time | [119] | ||||||
| Ser(T)343-Ser(C) | T > C | T allele associated with overweight and fat mass in women; C allele carriers more responsive to weight loss on a low calorie diet | [120] | ||||
| +70 T > C | C allele associated with fat mass in women | [120] | |||||
| Lys656Asn | G>C | G allele associated with higher lean and fat mass | Caucasians | [121] | |||
| No association with obesity, BMI, or % fat mass | Greek | [107] | |||||
| C allele associated with increased hip circumference, total abdominal fat, and subcutaneous fat | Belgian Caucasian women (overweight and obese) | [112] | |||||
| C allele associated with higher fasting glucose and fasting insulin in postmenopausal women | Belgian Caucasian women (overweight and obese) | [122] | |||||
| No association with blood pressure or BMI | Swedish men (hypertensive/ normotensive) | [115] | |||||
| No association with blood pressure, serum glucose, insulin, or leptin levels | Mexican adolescents | [117] | |||||
| Arg109Lys | +5193 G > A | No association with BMI, WHR, fasting glucose & insulin, lipids and leptin levels | [96] | ||||
| AA genotype was associated with higher leptin levels in postmenopausal women | Belgian Caucasian women (overweight and obese) | 14.99 | .02 | [112] | |||
| A allele positively associated with BMI | Korean | [123] | |||||
| No association with BMI, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, serum leptin, or soluble leptin receptor levels | Japanese | [113] | |||||
| No association with obesity, BMI, or % fat mass | Greek | [107] | |||||
| A allele associated with fasting insulin in postmenopausal women | Belgian Caucasian women (overweight and obese) | [122] | |||||
| AA genotype had greater risk of developing T2DM | Finnish (impaired glucose tolerance) | [118] | |||||
| GG genotype had lower blood pressure and lower BMI compared to AA | Swedish men (hypertensive/ normotensive) | [115] | |||||
| rs1045895 | SNP associated with change in BMI over time | [119] | |||||