Table 3.
Efficacy of various drugs-tested animal models of severe acute respiratory syndrome infections.
| Animal species | Strain/type | Model | Antiviral agent | Efficacy | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse | BALB/c | Virus lung replication model (7-week-old mice) | TACE inhibitor (TAPI-2), N-(R)-(2-(hydroxyaminocarbonyl) methyl)-4-methylpentanoyl-l-t-butyl-glycine-l-alanine 2-aminoethyl amide | 1.5 log10 drop in viral lung titer | [76] |
| Mouse | BALB/c | Virus lung replication model (5–6-week-old mice) | IFN-α B/D; Ampligen® (poly I:poly C12U)-mismatched dsRNA interferon inducer | Day-3 viral lung titers reduced by 1 log10 at 10,000 and 32,000 IU Day-3 viral lung titers reduced by 5 log10 at 10 mg/kg/mouse |
[104] |
| Mouse | BALB/c | Senescent mouse model | Humanized mouse antibody 2978/10 | ~15,000-fold reduction in day-3 viral lung titers | [78] |
| Mouse | BALB/c | Senescent mouse model | Equine anti-SARS-CoV F(ab’)(2) | Reduced viral lung titers by ~1000-fold and ~1000-fold fewer copies of N protein mRNA were detected | [100] |
| Mouse | BALB/c | Lethal mouse-adapted virus model (v2163 virus) | Stinging nettle lectin, UDA | 50% survival at 5 mg/kg/day, 40% survival at 15 mg/kg/day, reduction of IL-6 levels | [85] |
| Mouse | BALB/c | Lethal mouse-adapted virus model (MA15 virus) | Griffithsin | 100% survival, no weight loss, 2 log10 drop in day-2 viral lung titers, reduction in lung pathology | [112] |
| Mouse | BALB/c | Lethal mouse-adapted virus model (v2163 virus) | PCN induction iBALT tissue | 100% survival, no weight loss | [103] |
| Mouse | BALB/c | Lethal mouse-adapted virus model (MA15 virus) | Rhesus θ-defensin 1 | 100% survival, minimal weight loss, robust IL-6 response, no effect on viral lung titers | [101] |
| Mouse | BALB/c | Lethal mouse-adapted virus model (V2163 virus) | Ampligen (poly I:poly C12U)-mismatched dsRNA interferon inducer | 100% survival, day-6 lung scores significantly lower, weight loss significantly reduced | [85] |
| Mouse | BALB/c | Lethal mouse-adapted virus model (v2163 virus) | Poly IC:LC (Hiltonol®) | 100% survival, protected against severe weight loss, 1.2 log10 drop in viral lung titers, decreased gross lung pathology | [125] |
| Mouse | BALB/c | Lethal mouse-adapted virus model (v2163 virus) | mDEF201 | Prophylaxis: 100% survival, no weight loss, viral lung titers unaffected; Therapeutic: 100% survival to 12-h post-virus exposure |
[108] |
| Hamster | Golden Syrian (LVG) | Virus lung replication model, golden Syrian hamster | mAb 201 | 2.4–3.9 log10 drop in viral lung titers, reduced interstitial pneumonitis and lung consolidation | [115] |
| Hamster | Chinese | Virus lung replication model | Equine neutralizing antibody F(ab’)(2) | 4-log10 drop in viral lung titers, amelioration of lung pathology | [114] |
| Ferret | Unknown | Virus lung replication model | CR3014 (human IgG1 neutralizing mAb) | 3.3 log10 drop in viral lung titers, reduced pathology | [116] |
| Macaque | Rhesus | Infection model | siRNA siSC2 | Reduced body temperatures, viral lung titers and acute diffuse alveoli damage | [117] |
| Macaque | Rhesus | Infection model | Recombinant IFN-α2b | Amelioration of lung pathology | [119] |
| Macaque | Cynomolgus | Old-age infection model | Type 1 IFN-β | Abrogation of acute lung injury, decreased levels of IL-8 | [109] |
CoV: Coronavirus; iBALT: Inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue; IU: International unit; mAb: Monoclonal antibody; PCN: Protein cage nanoparticle; SARS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome; SiSC2: siRNA duplexes targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus RNA; TACE: TNF-α-converting enzyme; UDA: Urtica dioica agglutinin.