Table 1.

Potential biomarkers for oral carcinogenesis.

Category	Measures
Genomic biomarker	Micronuclei, DNA adduct, DNA content, and chromosomal aberration (polymorphism, alleic loss, gain, and amplification)
Oncogenic biomarker	Oncogenic expression, modified tumor suppressor genes, and Src genes
Proliferation biomarker	Nuclear and cyclin-related antigens, mitotic frequency, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and polyamines
Differentiation biomarker	Cytokeratins, transglutaminase Type I, and transcription factor (AP)-1
Oxidative stress biomarker	Glutathione S-transferase, stress proteins (HSPs), and Superoxide dismutase
Apoptosis biomarker	Bcl-2 family, chromatin condensation factors, caspases, and nucleosome formation
Immunologic biomarker	Cytokines