Table 2.
Intracluster correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation for key perinatal indicators
| Project Country |
Perinatal Care Project Rural Bangladesh |
Ekjut Rural India |
City Initiative for Newborn Health Urban India |
MaiMwana Malawi |
MaiKhanda* Malawi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal mortality | |||||
| Neonatal deaths | 314 | 518 | 127 | 187 | 357 |
| Live births | 8503 | 8819 | 8283 | 6688 | 12499 |
| Neonatal deaths, % of live births | 3.7 | 5.9 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 2.9 |
| Neonatal mortality rate, per 1000 live births | 37.0 | 58.7 | 15.3 | 28.0 | 28.6 |
| Stata-one way ICC stratum-averaged (95% CI) | 0.00055 (0-0.00316) | 0.00099 (0-0.00591) | - | 0.00247 (0-0.00605) | 0.00034 (0-0.00346) |
| Stata-one way k | 0.15 | 0.13 | - | 0.29 | 0.15 |
| Donner and Klar ICC (95% CI) | 0.00055(0-0.0024) | 0.00099 (0-0.00442) | 0.0004 (0-0.0041) | 0.00309 (0-0.0070) | 0.00094 (0-0.00263) |
| Donner and Klar k | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.18 |
| Stillbirths | |||||
| Stillbirths | 298 | 270 | 106 | 116 | 406 |
| Births | 8801 | 9089 | 9719 | 6804 | 12905 |
| Stillbirths, % of births | 3.4 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 3.1 |
| Stillbirth rate, per 1000 births | 33.9 | 29.7 | 10.9 | 17.0 | 31.5 |
| Stata-one way stratum-averaged ICC (95% CI) | 0.00000 (0-0.00224) | 0.00012 (0-0.00307) | - | 0.00000 (0-0.00148) | 0.00206 (0-0.00590) |
| Stata one way k | 0.00 | 0.06 | - | 0.00 | 0.25 |
| Donner and Klar ICC (95% CI) | 0.00000 (0-0.00062) | 0.00012 (0-0.00250) | 0.0013 (0-0.0055) | 0.000 (0-0.0015) | 0.00242 (0.00002-0.00482) |
| Donner and Klar k | 0 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.27 |
| Maternal mortality | |||||
| Maternal deaths | 19 | 68 | 21 | 32 | 42 |
| Livebirths | 8503 | 8819 | 8283 | 6710 | 12499 |
| Maternal deaths, % of live births | 0.22 | 0.77 | 0.25 | 0.48 | 0.33 |
| Maternal mortality ratio, per 100 000 livebirths | 223.4 | 771.1 | 219.8 | 476.9 | 336 |
| Stata-one way ICC (95% CI) | 0.00008 (0-0.00014) | 0.00051 (0-0.00382) | - | 0.00000 (0-0.00150) | 0.00031 (0, 0.00172) |
| Stata-one way k | 0.19 | 0.26 | - | 0.00 | 0.10 |
| Donner and Klar ICC (95% CI) | 0.00005 (0-0.00082) | 0.00071 (0-0.00383). | 0.0034 (0-0.010) | 0.000 (0-0.0015) | 0.00333 (0.00044-0.00622) |
| Donner and Klar k | 0.16 | 0.30 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 0.99 |
| Four antenatal check-ups (ANC) | |||||
| Mother received 4 or more ANC check-ups %, (N) | 15.1% (8189) | 23.4% (8867) | 84.2% (7834) | 26.6% (6436) | Not collected |
| Stratum-averaged ICC (95% CI) | 0.04849 (0-0.18522) | 0.15444 (0.30298-0.31837) | 0.0211 (0-0.06073) | 0.03010 (0.00398-0.05623) | - |
| K | 0.52 | 0.71 | 0.06 | 0.29 | - |
| Skilled birth attendance | |||||
| Births attended by a nurse or doctor % (N) | 15.2% (8801) | 23.3% (9089) | 87% (7834) | 41.9% (6788) | 52.9% (12853) |
| Stratum-averaged ICC (95% CI) | 0.03233 (0.00831-0.00319) | 0.04103 (0.00594-0.14733) | 0.02522 (0-0.07051) | 0.15243 (0.04186-0.26300) | 0.12699 (0.06411, 0.18926) |
| K | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.46 | 0.34 |
| Postnatal check-up | |||||
| Infants received a postnatal check-up % (N) | 20.9% (8128) | 6.3% (8301) | 56.5% (7711) | 30.9% (5949) | - |
| Stratum-averaged ICC (95% CI) | 0.03558 (0-0.12604) | 0.01873 (0-0.05687) | 0.01566 (0-0.04627) | 0.23066 (0.07948-0.38185) | - |
| K | 0.36 | 0.52 | 0.11 | 0.72 | - |
| Exclusive breastfeeding (1st 6 weeks) | |||||
| Infants exclusively breastfed for the first 6 weeks % (N) | 62.6% (8128) | 62.3% (8301) | 64.7% (7711) | 9.2% (3749)** | - |
| Stratum-averaged ICC (95% CI) | 0.01286 (0-0.04821) | 0.09163 (0.0006-0.23459) | 0.01341 (0-0.04062) | 0.03746 (0.00351-0.07140) | - |
| K | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.61 | - |
| Uptake of antenatal HIV testing | |||||
| Uptake of HIV testing % (N) | - | - | - | 39.2% (6624) | - |
| ICC (95% CI) | - | - | - | 0.05457 (0.00950-0.09964) | - |
| K | - | - | - | 0.29 | - |
| Use of insecticide-treated bednets during pregnancy | |||||
| Use of insecticide-treated bednets & (N) | - | - | - | 48.1% (6678) | - |
| ICC (95% CI) | - | - | 0.06059 (0.01105-0.11013) | - | |
| K | - | - | 0.26 | - |
ICC: intracluster correlation coefficient; k: coefficient of variation.
* MaiKhanda data are provisional as verification of deaths and follow-up of missing women are still ongoing.
** MaiMwana collected data on exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life.