Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of 815 Infants with Craniosynostosis (Cases) and 6789 Liveborn Infants with No Major Birth Defects (Controls), National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2005
| Percent of casesa (n = 815) | Percent of controlsa (n = 6,789) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal race-ethnicity | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 74 (601) | 59 (4018) | <0.001 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 4 (36) | 11 (767) | |
| Hispanic | 17 (138) | 22 (1498) | |
| Other | 5 (39) | 7 (477) | |
| Unknown | <1 (1) | <1 (29) | |
| Maternal education | |||
| <High school | 11 (90) | 17 (1126) | <0.001 |
| High school | 23 (187) | 24 (1647) | |
| >High school | 65 (526) | 58 (3908) | |
| Unknown | 1 (12) | 2 (108) | |
| Maternal age | |||
| <25 years | 22 (177) | 34 (2278) | <0.001 |
| 25–34 years | 58 (469) | 52 (3555) | |
| ≥35 years | 21 (169) | 14 (956) | |
| Number of previous live births | |||
| 0 | 35 (289) | 40 (2715) | 0.07 |
| 1 | 37 (300) | 33 (2268) | |
| 2 or more | 27 (222) | 26 (1786) | |
| Unknown | <1 (4) | <1 (20) | |
| Smokingb | |||
| Any | 18 (146) | 19(1272) | 0.58 |
| None | 81 (657) | 80 (5429) | |
| Unknown | 1 (12) | 1 (88) | |
| Alcoholb | |||
| Any | 37 (299) | 37 (2469) | 0.86 |
| None | 62 (502) | 62 (4202) | |
| Unknown | 2 (14) | 2 (118) | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Underweight BMI (<19.8) | 12 (101) | 13 (883) | 0.05 |
| Normal weight (19.8–26.0) | 50 (408) | 52 (3541) | |
| Overweight (26.1–29.0) | 14 (112) | 12 (799) | |
| Obese (>29.0) | 21 (173) | 19 (1279) | |
| Unknown | 3 (21) | 4 (287) | |
| Fertility treatments or procedures | |||
| None | 89 (729) | 91 (6171) | <0.001 |
| Any | 9 (73) | 5 (310) | |
| Unknown | 2 (13) | 5 (308) | |
| Plurality | |||
| Singleton | 95 (772) | 96 (6542) | <0.001 |
| Multiple birth | 5 (41) | 2 (166) | |
| Unknown | <1 (2) | 1 (81) | |
| Study center | |||
| AR | 14 (114) | 12 (846) | 0.43 |
| CA | 11 (89) | 13 (857) | |
| IA | 13 (108) | 11 (758) | |
| MA | 15 (125) | 13 (855) | |
| NJ | 6 (48) | 8 (574) | |
| NY | 6 (52) | 9 (600) | |
| TX | 7 (58) | 12 (790) | |
| CDC/Atlanta | 10 (80) | 11 (734) | |
| NC | 5 (40) | 6 (408) | |
| UT | 12 (101) | 5 (367) | |
a
Numbers may not add to 100% because of rounding.
b
During the month before or the first 3 months of pregnancy.