Table 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratios for the Association between Craniosynostosis and Maternal Dietary Intake of Selected Nutrients, among Women Who Took Folic Acid–Containing Supplements during the First Trimester of Pregnancya
| Nutrient quartilesb | No. controls (n = 5152) | Sagittal (n = 362)
|
Metopic (n = 116)
|
Coronal (n = 113)
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. cases | AOR (95% CI) | No. cases | AOR (95% CI) | No. cases | AOR (95% CI) | ||
| Folate DFE | |||||||
| <335.2 μg | 1302 | 118 | Ref. | 28 | Ref. | 34 | Ref. |
| 335.2–492.6 μg | 1315 | 88 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 35 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.1) | 31 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) |
| 492.7–718.1 μg | 1311 | 90 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 29 | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 24 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) |
| ≥718.2 μg | 1224 | 66 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 24 | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) | 24 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) |
| Continuous | p = 0.12 | p = 0.98 | p = 0.26 | ||||
| Choline | |||||||
| <189.8 mg | 1330 | 114 | Ref. | 23 | Ref. | 26 | Ref. |
| 189.8–253.5 mg | 1349 | 91 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 36 | 1.6 (0.9, 2.8) | 31 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) |
| 253.6–342.5 mg | 1314 | 97 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 31 | 1.6 (0.8, 2.9) | 40 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) |
| ≥342.4 mg | 1159 | 60 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 26 | 1.9 (0.8, 4.3) | 16 | 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) |
| Continuous | p = 0.48 | p = 0.03 | p = 0.39 | ||||
| Betaine | |||||||
| <46.8 mg | 1239 | 105 | Ref. | 26 | Ref. | 29 | Ref. |
| 46.8–75.4 mg | 1319 | 86 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 26 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 26 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) |
| 75.5–123.7 mg | 1311 | 93 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 39 | 1.5 (0.9, 2.6) | 33 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) |
| ≥123.8 mg | 1283 | 78 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 25 | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 25 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) |
| Continuous | p = 0.41 | p = 0.88 | p = 0.71 | ||||
| Methionine | |||||||
| <1.1 grams | 1296 | 108 | Ref. | 22 | Ref. | 27 | Ref. |
| 1.1–1.3 grams | 1296 | 82 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 33 | 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) | 44 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) |
| 1.4–1.8 grams | 1309 | 98 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 33 | 1.5 (0.8, 2.7) | 23 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) |
| ≥1.9 grams | 1251 | 74 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | 28 | 1.4 (0.7, 3.2) | 19 | 0.3 (0.1, 0.8) |
| Continuous | p = 0.94 | p = 0.19 | p = 0.01 | ||||
| Vitamin B6 | |||||||
| <1.4 mg | 1318 | 116 | Ref. | 28 | Ref. | 31 | Ref. |
| 1.4–1.8 mg | 1337 | 96 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 31 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 34 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.6) |
| 1.9–2.6 mg | 1298 | 106 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 32 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.1) | 28 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) |
| ≥2.7 mg | 1199 | 44 | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | 25 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.3) | 20 | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) |
| Continuous | p < 0.01 | p = 0.28 | p = 0.21 | ||||
| Vitamin B12 | |||||||
| <3.5 μg | 1294 | 95 | Ref. | 28 | Ref. | 32 | Ref. |
| 3.5–5.0 μg | 1323 | 116 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 36 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 26 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) |
| 5.1–7.3 μg | 1324 | 98 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 23 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) | 31 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) |
| ≥7.4 μg | 1211 | 53 | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 29 | 1.1 (0.6, 2.2) | 24 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.3) |
| Continuous | p = 0.12 | p < 0.01 | p = 0.24 | ||||
| Riboflavin | |||||||
| <1.4 mg | 1294 | 112 | Ref. | 31 | Ref. | 27 | Ref. |
| 1.4–1.8 mg | 1325 | 107 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 32 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 33 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) |
| 1.9–2.5 mg | 1320 | 84 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) | 23 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) | 24 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) |
| ≥2.6 mg | 1213 | 59 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 30 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.1) | 29 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.2) |
| Continuous | p < 0.01 | p = 0.21 | p = 0.76 | ||||
| Glycemic load | |||||||
| <78.6 | 1377 | 125 | Ref. | 34 | Ref. | 29 | Ref. |
| 78.6–106.7 | 1342 | 106 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 30 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 26 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) |
| 106.8–148.7 | 1284 | 73 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 30 | 1.0 (0.5, 1.8) | 35 | 1.6 (0.8, 2.9) |
| ≥148.8 | 1149 | 58 | 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) | 22 | 0.9 (0.4, 2.1) | 23 | 1.5 (0.6, 3.7) |
| Continuous | p = 0.40 | p = 0.57 | p = 0.08 | ||||
| Beta-carotene | |||||||
| <1060.9 μg | 1274 | 99 | Ref. | 24 | Ref. | 29 | Ref. |
| 1060.9–2011.7 μg | 1335 | 78 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 26 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 22 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) |
| 2011.8–3571.7 μg | 1286 | 105 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 30 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) | 32 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) |
| ≥3571.8 μg | 1257 | 80 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 36 | 1.6 (0.9, 2.9) | 30 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) |
| Continuous | p = 0.08 | p = 0.29 | p = 0.73 | ||||
| Vitamin E | |||||||
| <2.8 mg | 1330 | 106 | Ref. | 23 | Ref. | 32 | Ref. |
| 2.8–4.1 mg | 1314 | 115 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 36 | 1.6 (0.9, 2.7) | 22 | 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) |
| 4.2–6.0 mg | 1295 | 84 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 26 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) | 36 | 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) |
| ≥6.1 mg | 1213 | 57 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 31 | 1.8 (0.9, 3.5) | 23 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) |
| Continuous | p < 0.01 | p = 0.40 | p = 0.54 | ||||
| Vitamin C | |||||||
| <59.4 mg | 1343 | 111 | Ref. | 31 | Ref. | 32 | Ref. |
| 59.4–101.3 mg | 1317 | 109 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 31 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 30 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) |
| 101.4–154.0 mg | 1308 | 89 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 37 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 34 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) |
| ≥154.1 mg | 1184 | 53 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | 17 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) | 17 | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) |
| Continuous | p = 0.02 | p = 0.42 | p = 0.02 | ||||
a
Odds ratios were adjusted for mother’s race-ethnicity, education, age, parity, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index categories, fertility treatments, plurality, study center, and energy intake.
b
Nutrient intake quartiles were based on the distribution among the controls; “continuous” refers to models for which the nutrient was included as a continuous variable (i.e., not categorized).
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; DFE, dietary folate equivalents.